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41.
Shiny Mathews Shannon Henderson Dawn Reinhold 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(9):6025-6033
Commonly used in personal care products, triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) are two chemicals with antimicrobial properties that have recently been recognized as environmental contaminants with the potential to adversely affect human health. The objective of the study described herein was to evaluate the potential of food crops to uptake TCC and TCS. Eleven food crops, grown in hydroponic nutrient media, were exposed to a mixture of 500 μg L?1 TCC and TCS. After 4 weeks of exposure, roots accumulated 86–1,350 mg kg?1 of antimicrobials and shoots had accumulated 0.33–5.35 mg kg?1 of antimicrobials. Translocation from roots to shoots was less than 1.9 % for TCC and 3.7 % for TCS, with the greatest translocation for TCC observed for pepper, celery, and asparagus and for TCS observed for cabbage, broccoli, and asparagus. For edible tuber- or bulb-producing crops, the concentrations of both TCC and TCS were lower in the tubers than in the roots. Exposure calculations using national consumption data indicated that the average exposure to TCC and TCS from eating contaminated crops was substantially less than the exposure expected to cause adverse effects, but exceeded the predicted exposure from drinking water. Exposure to antimicrobials through food crops would be substantially reduced through limiting consumption of beets and onions. 相似文献
42.
Reinhold Wurster Werner Zittel 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(3):367-386
Some lessons for the introduction of hydrogen fueled vehicles can be learned from experience gained by the introduction of
natural gas fueled vehicles, either in Europe or in Argentina. While the European efforts have failed, at least until today,
Argentina has achieved a remarkable market share of about 20% natural gas vehicles since the early 80ies. Beyond a short review
on the constituents of a hydrogen refueling infrastructure, the Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)-example is analyzed to formulate
some ‘must be’s’ for the successful introduction of hydrogen refueling infrastructure: Clear concerted signals have to be
sent by all important players, the politicians as well as the involved industry from car producers to fuel suppliers. Bi-fueled
hybrid vehicles are not seen as a proper tool, as they are forcing neither the user to look for hydrogen nor the supplier
to provide hydrogen. After general considerations, various strategies and policies of different countries and manufacturers
are reviewed. For instance, the electric hybrid cars as already today introduced by some Japanese manufacturers offer the
chance of settling a maintenance infrastructure for electric drive systems already today which can be easily extended to cover
full fuel cell drive systems, once they are available. 相似文献
43.
44.
The evolution of winged stick insects (phasmids) from secondarily wingless ancestors was proposed in recent studies. We explored
the cuticle of flying phasmids for wind sensors that could be involved in their flight control, comparable to those known
for locusts. Surprisingly, wind-sensitive hairs (wsH) occur on the palps of mouthparts and on the antennae of the winged phasmid
Sipyloidea sipylus which can fly in tethered position only when air currents blow over the mouthparts. The present study describes the morphology
and major functional properties of these “new” wsH with soft and bulging hair bases which are different from the beaker-like
hair bases of the wsH on the cerci of phasmids and the wsH described in other insects. The most sensitive wsH of antennae
and palps respond with phasic-tonic afferents to air currents exceeding 0.2 ms−1. The fields of wsH on one side of the animal respond mainly to ventral, lateral, and frontal wind on the ipsilateral side
of the head. Afferent inputs from the wsH converge but also diverge to a group of specific interneurons at their branches
in the suboesophageal ganglion and can send their integrated input from wsH fields of the palps and antennae to the thoracic
central nervous system. Response types of individual wsH-interneurons are either phasic or phasic-tonic to air puffs or constant
air currents and also, the receptive fields of individual interneurons differ. We conclude that the “new” wsH system and its
interneurons mainly serve to maintain flight activity in airborne phasmids and also, the “new” wsH must have emerged together
with the integrating interneurons during the evolution from wingless to the recent winged forms of phasmids. 相似文献
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48.
Shiny Mathews Dawn Reinhold 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(7):4327-4338
Tetracyclines and sulfonamides used in human and animal medicine are released to terrestrial ecosystems from wastewater treatment plants or by direct manure application. The interactions between plants and these antibiotics are numerous and complex, including uptake and accumulation, phytometabolism, toxicity responses, and degradation in the rhizosphere. Uptake and accumulation of antibiotics have been studied in plants such as wheat, maize, potato, vegetables, and ornamentals. Once accumulated in plant tissue, organic contaminants can be metabolized through a sequential process of transformation, conjugation through glycosylation and glutathione pathways, and ultimately sequestration into plant tissue. While studies have yet to fully elucidate the phytometabolism of tetracyclines and sulfonamides, an in-depth review of plant and mammalian studies suggest multiple potential transformation and conjugation pathways for tetracyclines and sulfonamides. The presence of contaminants in the vicinity or within the plants can elicit stress responses and defense mechanisms that can help tolerate the negative effects of contaminants. Antibiotics can change microbial communities and enzyme activity in the rhizosphere, potentially inducing microbial antibiotic resistance. On the other hand, the interaction of microbes and root exudates on pharmaceuticals in the rhizosphere can result in degradation of the parent molecule to less toxic compounds. To fully characterize the environmental impacts of increased antibiotic use in human medicine and animal production, further research is essential to understand the effects of different antibiotics on plant physiology and productivity, uptake, translocation, and phytometabolism of antibiotics, and the role of antibiotics in the rhizosphere. 相似文献
49.
Sex linkage among genes controlling sexually selected traits 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Klaus Reinhold 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,44(1):1-7
Using literature data on reciprocal crosses I estimated the influence of sex-chromosomal genes on morphological and behavioral
traits. To determine a special role of the sex chromosomes for sexually selected traits, I compared the estimated influence
of X-chromosomal genes on sexually selected traits with their estimated influence on traits not under sexual selection. About
one-third of the phenotypic variation in sexually selected traits is caused by X-chromosomal genes. There was, in contrast,
no significant influence of X-chromosomal genes on traits that were classified as not sexually selected. Sexually selected
traits thus seem to be influenced significantly more by X-chromosomal genes than traits not under sexual selection. Though
this differential influence of X-chromosomal genes cannot readily be explained with current theoretical knowledge, it may
shed some light on X-linked hybrid sterility and on the discussion between arbitrary and good-gene models for the evolution
of female choice.
Received: 30 January 1998 / Accepted after revision: 20 June 1998 相似文献
50.
Steffen Stubenrauch Reinhold Hempfling Peter Doetsch und Dirk Grünhoff 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》1999,11(4):219-226
Zusammenfassung Um zu einer sachgerechten und nachvollziehbar quantifizierbaren Beurteilung der m?glichen Gesundheitsbelastungen des Menschen
durch Schadstoffe zu gelangen, ist es von grundlegender Bedeutung dessen ?u?ere Schadstoffexposition absch?tzen zu k?nnen.
Um die Durchführung derartiger Absch?tzungen zu erm?glichen, werden nutzergruppen- und expositionsszenariospezifisch orale,
inhalative und dermale Aufnahmeraten für die Kontaktmedien Boden, Pflanzen aus Haus- und Schreberg?rten, Trinkwasser, Staub,
Hausstaub und Innenraumluft vorgeschlagen. Diese Aufnahmeraten dienen, gemeinsam mit gemessenen oder berechneten Schadstoffkonzentrationen
in den entsprechenden Kontaktmedien, zur Absch?tzung der von Menschen aufgenommenen Schadstoffdosen und erm?glichen durch
einen Vergleich mit tolerierbaren Schadstoffdosen eine stoff-, nutzungs- und standortbezogene Beurteilung von Schadstoffexpositionen,
auch für komplexe Nutzungen.
相似文献