有机废物厌氧发酵液链延长合成中链脂肪酸研究进展

有机废物产量巨大,具备较高的资源化利用潜力。以有机废物厌氧发酵液为底物,通过链延长工艺生产中链脂肪酸,可有效提升产物的经济价值,因而是一种极具潜力的有机废物资源化方法。梳理了有机废物厌氧发酵液链延长的机理以及影响因素,分析了不同有机废物在厌氧发酵链延长中的作用,并提出了今后研究的方向。学术界已获得的研究结果表明,以混合有机废物作为底物进行厌氧发酵,可以实现氮源和碳源的相互补充,其获得的发酵液中挥发性脂肪酸浓度更高,这对后续的链延长产中链脂肪酸具有良好的促进作用。     

Acute toxicity tests with Daphnia magna, Americamysis bahia, Chironomus riparius and Gammarus pulex and implications of new EU requirements for the aquatic effect assessment of insecticides

Threshold concentrations for treatment related effects of 31 insecticides, as derived from aquatic micro-/mesocosm tests, were used to calibrate the predictive value of the European Tier-1 acute effect assessment on basis of laboratory toxicity tests with Daphnia magna, Chironomus spp., Americamysis bahia and Gammarus pulex. The acute Tier-1 effect assessment on basis of Daphnia (EC(50)/100) overall was protective for organophosphates, carbamates and most pyrethroids but not for neonicotinoids and the majority of insect growth regulators (IGRs) in the database. By including the 28-day water-spiked Chironomus riparius test, the effect assessment improves but selecting the lowest value on basis of the 48-h Daphnia test (EC50/100) and the 28-day Chironomus test (NOEC/10) is not fully protective for 4 out of 23 insecticide cases. An assessment on basis of G. pulex (EC(50)/100) is sufficiently protective for 15 out of 19 insecticide cases. The Tier-1 procedure on basis of acute toxicity data (EC(50)/100) for the combination of Daphnia and A. bahia and/or Chironomus (new EU dossier requirements currently under discussion) overall is protective to pulsed insecticide exposures in micro-/mesocosms. For IGRs that affect moulting, the effect assessment on basis of the 48-h Chironomus test (EC(50)/100) may not always be protective enough to replace that of the water-spiked 28-day C. riparius test (NOEC/10) because of latency of effects.     

Environmental copper: Behaviour when involved in physical adsorption at several interfaces

From a literature-based assessment of the current knowledge about both the toxic or salutary properties of copper, this study focused on the determination, at 25 °C, of the interfacial properties of CuCl_2, either alone or in mixture with carbofuran used, here, as a model of organics and/or pesticide. The interfaces under study were: i) the air/solution interface and ii) the silica/solution interface. The former is considered as a path for volatilization, whereas the latter permits a modelling of physical adsorption upon solids, which is the first and unavoidable step in any adsorption process. One should note that it can also mimic adsorption on some sandy soils. Coadsorption was clearly identified as implicated in an enhancement of the surface content of both solutes at both interfaces. However, at the two interfaces under study, the way the surface became structured led to opposite adsorption mechanisms for the organic compounds and the salt. A rough theory about ionic adsorption is also proposed.     

Enhanced degradation of azo dye alizarin yellow R in a combined process of iron–carbon microelectrolysis and aerobic bio-contact oxidation

Purpose

With the aim of enhanced degradation of azo dye alizarin yellow R (AY) and further removal of the low-strength recalcitrant matter (LsRM) of the secondary effluent as much as possible, our research focused on the combination of aerobic bio-contact oxidation (ABO) with iron/carbon microelectrolysis (ICME) process.

Materials and methods

The combined ABO (with effective volume of 2.4?l) and ICME (with effectively volume of 0.4?l) process were studied with relatively short hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 or 6?h.

Results

At the HRT of 6?h with the reflux ratio of 1 and 2, the AY degradation efficiency in the final effluent was >96.5%, and the total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency were 69.86% and 79.44%, respectively. At the HRT of 4?h and the reflux ratio of 2, TOC removal efficiency and AY degradation efficiency were 73.94% and 94.89%, respectively. The ICME process obviously enhanced the total AY removal and the generated micromolecule acids and aldehydes then that wastewater backflow to the ABO where they were further biodegraded.

Conclusion

The present research might provide the potential options for the advanced treatment azo dyes wastewater with short HRT and acceptable running costs.     

活性污泥合成聚羟基烷酸酯代谢机制研究进展

聚羟基烷酸酯(PHAs)是生物制备型环境友好塑料,具有广阔的应用前景.活性污泥合成PHAs可降低生产成本,实现废水处理厂剩余污泥的减量化和资源化.研究微生物合成PHAs的代谢机制,有利于优化PHAs的工业化生产,目前其代谢研究多集中在以纯菌种合成PHAs,而以活性污泥合成PHAs的研究尚不成熟.资料表明,DO变化对活性污泥合成PHAs的代谢途径有显著影响,进而改变其PHAs产物的产量和单体组成.综述了活性污泥合成PHAs在厌氧/好氧工艺、微氧/好氧工艺、缺氧/好氧工艺、好氧动态底物投加工艺条件下的代谢机制,分析了现有PHAs合成代谢模型中存在的问题,展望了PHAs合成代谢机制研究的发展方向.     

Variation of MCPA, metribuzine, methyltriazine-amine and glyphosate degradation, sorption, mineralization and leaching in different soil horizons

Pesticide mineralization and sorption were determined in 75 soil samples from 15 individually drilled holes through the vadose zone along a 28 km long transect of the Danish outwash plain. Mineralization of the phenoxyacetic acid herbicide MCPA was high both in topsoils and in most subsoils, while metribuzine and methyltriazine-amine was always low. Organic matter and soil pH was shown to be responsible for sorption of MCPA and metribuzine in the topsoils. The sorption of methyltriazine-amine in topsoil was positively correlated with clay and negatively correlated with the pH of the soil. Sorption of glyphosate was tested also high in the subsoils. One-dimensional MACRO modeling of the concentration of MCPA, metribuzine and methyltriazine-amine at 2 m depth calculated that the average concentration of MCPA and methyltriazine-amine in the groundwater was below the administrative limit of 0.1 μg/l in all tested profiles while metribuzine always exceeded the 0.1 μg/l threshold value.     

填闲作物防治菜田土壤硝酸盐污染的研究进展

探讨了通过调整蔬菜生产的轮作结构 ,运用生物修复的原理 ,引入适宜的深根系填闲作物对深层土壤硝酸盐吸收利用 ,以避免硝酸盐进一步淋失 ,提高氮素的利用率的可行性。填闲作物应选择生长迅速、生物量大、氮素累积能力强的作物 ,在考虑填闲作物防治硝酸盐淋溶的同时 ,要兼顾其经济利用价值 ,并指出结合深根系的填闲作物进行合理轮作是蔬菜安全生产及可持续发展的途径之一     

高铁酸盐预氧化对颤藻去除效果及机理的研究

以深圳市铁岗水库水源水为主要研究对象,通过与单纯投加聚合氯化铝(PAC)相比,研究了高铁酸盐预氧化对铁岗水中颤藻(Oscillatoria)的去除效能,藻类去除率高达97.85%.证明在处理较难去除的颤藻时,高铁酸盐与PAC联用,可显著提高对藻类的去除效能.初步研究了预氧化方法对水中颤藻去除的机理.     

天津表层土壤PAHs分子标志物参数的空间特征

以天津地区为例,在选取分子标志物的基础上,应用地统计学方法探讨了多种多环芳烃(PAHs)分子标志物的空间特征,并在此基础上探讨污染源空间分布状况.结果表明,分子标志物的计算和空间分布的模拟,可以帮助识别复杂情况下污染来源的分布情况.通过对天津地区表层土壤PAHs 6种分子标志物参数空间分布的研究,发现天津地区主要的PAHs污染源是煤燃烧源,在天津绝大部分地区都有分布.而石油源和交通污染源主要分布在中部和滨海地区,2 种污染源有一定的重叠.在远郊县的边界地区,有一定的木柴污染源分布.     

新疆喀什地区高铁锰地下水空间分布特征及成因分析

本文依据新疆喀什地区171组地下水水质测试结果,从研究区的原生地层环境、氧化还原条件、地下水酸碱条件和水化学指标因子分析等方面,运用统计学方法和GIS技术,分析Fe和Mn超标原因.结果表明,喀什地区地下水中Fe、Mn超标现象普遍,Mn的超标率大于Fe（总体超标率分别为60.8%和39.8%）,研究区承压含水层中的Fe、Mn超标率均大于潜水;地下水中Fe、Mn主要来源于原生地层环境中的铁、锰矿物;受地面径流补给及有机质影响,地下水偏向还原环境,使得Fe和Mn含量超标;潜水含水层中Fe含量超标与人类活动影响有关;高矿化度和蒸发浓缩作用增强利于Mn含量升高,高Fe地下水受人为活动影响较大.