灾害防御工程的经济效益评价原理及方法—以水坝震害防御工程为例

本文根据“价值工程”理论和“成本—效益”理论,在作者提出的防灾工程“功能函数”、“成本函数”、“价值函数”、“效益函数”等灾害经济学基本函数及数学模型的基础上,结合地质灾害防御工程实例,探讨了防灾工程经济效益的评价原理及方法。     

基于互联网GIS(WebGIS)的环境灾害信息系统研究

建立基于WebGIS技术的互联网环境灾害监测信息系统，对我国环境保护和灾害预防具有重要的意义。分析了WebGIS的工作原理、技术支持标准、体系结构和数据库建库方法，详细介绍了该系统开发的关键技术和主要的程序编码。最后给出了互联网浙江省环境灾害监测信息系统的应用实例。     

应急供水的启示——日本神户市应急供水系统简介

以日本神户市的水道耐震化项目考察为基础,对该市应急供水系统的建设方法进行梳理,归纳了系统建设目标、系统方案、应急水源储备、应急水源输送和应急供水管道抗震等重要环节的建设思路和技术方法,对我国城市应急供水系统建设以及解决灾后供水有一定的借鉴作用。     

城市黑臭河道底泥内源氮硝化-反硝化作用研究

氮超标是目前许多城市黑臭河道治理过程中急需解决的突出问题。在外源输入有效控制后,底泥内源氮成为水体氮污染的主要来源。硝化与反硝化过程是削减底泥氮负荷和控制内源氮释放的重要途径,从硝化与反硝化耦合作用角度探讨底泥内源氮的行为,对于有效解决黑臭河道氮超标治理难题具有重要的现实意义。对此,文章首先通过理论分析探讨了影响底泥内源氮硝化-反硝化有效耦合的重要因素,认为溶解氧水平和缺氧微环境分布是非常重要的参数,在这矛盾平衡中影响着硝化-反硝化作用的进行。其次评述了黑臭河道底泥内源氮硝化-反硝化作用的研究现状,指出对于污染严重且受人为干扰频繁的城市黑臭河道,曝气扰动是影响底泥内源硝化-反硝化作用的重要因素。为了实现对底泥内源氮的有效控释,往往需要通过选择合理的曝气条件从影响溶解氧水平和缺氧微环境分布两方面来控制硝化-反硝化反应平衡。最后探讨了今后相关研究的发展动态,包括曝气扰动的合理界定、模拟试验装置的有效构建、水动力条件下底泥硝化与反硝化性能的合理评定以及其微生物机制系统分析。     

磷酸活化活性炭对Cu~（2＋）的吸附特征研究

寻求廉价而高效的吸附材料为目的,研究向日葵秸杆基活性炭对铜离子的吸附性能。以向日葵秸秆为原料,经H3PO4活化制备活性炭,通过静态实验研究了其对水溶液中Cu2＋的吸附特性,考察了溶液pH值、吸附温度和离子强度对吸附的影响,探讨了吸附热力学、动力学和吸附机理。结果表明：溶液pH值为5～6时活性炭对Cu2＋的去除效果最好;向50 mL 170 mg·L-1的溶液中加入0.5 g活性炭,温度为45℃、吸附时间为1 h时,对Cu2＋的去除率可达98.3%;Langmuir方程能更好地描述Cu2＋在活性炭上的等温吸附特征,静态吸附容量可达41.03 mg·g-1;吸附过程符合拟二级动力学过程,且为吸热的化学吸附过程,膜扩散为速率控制步骤,离子交换可能在吸附过程中起了重要作用。     

多效唑对东魁杨梅生长与结果的影响

以东魁杨梅(Myrica rubra cv.Dongkui)为受试生物,研究了中、高剂量和不同施用频率的多效唑(paclobutrazol,代号PP333)处理对果树正常生长和结果的影响.实验设4个处理,分别为无PP333施用记录、5年前施用后停用、连续5年施用300 mg·kgPP333和连续5年施用400 mg·k...     

An overview of municipal solid waste management in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China

Rapid industrialization and urbanization in developing countries have created serious problems in municipal solid waste (MSW) management. New case studies can shed light on these problems and point the way to potential solutions for improving the overall eco-efficiency of MSW management. This paper employs a case study approach, analyzing MSW management in Inner Mongolia. This study encompasses all aspects of MSW management, including collection, separation, recycling, and disposal. Problems and challenges are identified through our analysis, and recommendations are raised by considering the local realities. Our main findings are: (1) while large cities have already established a solid foundation for MSW management, small- and medium-sized cities deserve more attention; (2) MSW in rural areas is even worse than urban areas; (3) enforcement of MSW regulations is ineffective and needs improvement; (4) lack of funds, R&D efforts and advanced technologies have impeded sustainable MSW management; (5) lack of coordination and communication among different stakeholders further damages the efforts for improvement of MSW management. Therefore, integrated efforts that combine the above concerns should be initiated so that the overall effectiveness and efficiency of MSW management can be improved.     

Influence of aeration on CH4, N2O and NH3 emissions during aerobic composting of a chicken manure and high C/N waste mixture

Co-composting of chicken manure, straw and dry grasses was investigated in a forced aeration system to estimate the effect of aeration rates on NH₃, CH₄ and N₂O emissions and compost quality. Continuous measurements of gas emissions were carried out and detailed gas emission patterns were obtained using an intermittent-aeration of 30 min on/30 min off at rates of 0.01 (A1), 0.1 (A2) and 0.2 (A3) m³ min⁻¹ m⁻³. Concentrations of CH₄ and N₂O at the low aeration rate (A1) were significantly greater than those at the other two rates, but there was no significant difference between the A2 and A3 treatments. CH₄ and N₂O emissions for this mixture could be controlled when the composting process was aerobic and ammonia emissions were reduced at a lower aeration rate. Comparison of CH₄, N₂O, NH₃ emissions and compost quality showed that the aeration rate of the A2 treatment was superior to the other two aeration rates.     

反硝化处理硝氮废水的动力学研究

对反硝化法处理高浓度硝氮废水的动力学进行了研究，获得了最佳动力学条件，在温度为30℃左右,pH为7－8，MLSS为3g/L左右，C／N为0．95－1．0，进水硝氮质量浓度为300mg/L，水力停留时间为6－8h的条件下，出水NOx^--N的质量浓度小于20mg/L,COD小于100mg/L。