官厅水库水中阿特拉津残留的分析及污染来源

利用固相萃取-高效液相-质谱联用方法直接分析饮用水中超痕量的内分泌干扰剂阿特拉津.仅用10～50ml水样,只需40min就可完成联机分析,检测限为10ng/L.在官厅水库水中检测出痕量污染物阿特拉津残留,浓度为0.67～3.9μg/L,并对其污染的来源进行了调查,认为水库上游洋河边的一家生产阿特拉津的农药厂为污染的主要来源.     

土壤重金属对白菜种子发芽与根伸长抑制的生态毒性效应

测定了水溶液和4种土壤(红壤、草甸棕壤、暗棕壤和栗钙土)条件下,铜、锌、铅、镉单一污染对白菜种子发芽与根伸长的抑制率,以及暗棕壤条件下重金属的复合污染效应.结果表明,同一浓度下,重金属对白菜根伸长抑制率均明显大于对种子发芽抑制率.重金属在土壤中对白菜根伸长抑制效应明显低于其在水体中的抑制效应, 这表明土壤对重金属污染有重要的缓冲作用.铜、锌、铅、镉污染对白菜根伸长抑制率与土壤有机质和土壤氮含量显著负相关;但与土壤pH和土壤钾含量的相关性不显著.铜、锌、铅、镉单一污染对白菜根伸长为刺激作用浓度下,复合污染即产生明显的协同作用,其结果使白菜根伸长的抑制效应阈值明显降低.     

浅析油气储运设施环境保护管理发展趋势

针对油气储运设施工程特点,通过比较清洁生产和循环经济的理念及侧重点,提出了全生命周期的环保管理理念,然后根据这一理念分析了我国油气储运设施工程从设计、施工到投产、运行全过程的环保管理现状和发展趋势,并提出了相应建议。     

长庆低渗透油田废弃钻井液处理探讨

通过对长庆低渗透油田废弃钻井液性能分析,确定了固液分离-固化一体化处理思路;研究了不同破胶剂体系、破胶剂加量、絮凝剂分子量等对固液分离及出水率的影响;处理结果表明:添加20%粘土同时加入6%固化剂时固化体针入度可降至0.5mm以下,达到强度要求,又可降低成本。现场试验证实固液分离析出水和固化体浸出液均达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准。     

新型生物流化床组合工艺处理工业有机废水的工程应用分析

尝试一种新型结构的生物三相流化床工程化应用于磁电器制品厂的洗涤废水和漂染厂高浓度印染废水的处理 ,处理规模分别为 2 40m3 d和 2 5 0 0m3 d。采用A O2 的流化床组合工艺 ,在总HRT低于 2 4h的操作条件下 ,当洗涤废水进水CODCr负荷为 2 3～ 2 6kg m3·d ,BOD5负荷为 0 72～ 0 95kg m3·d的情况下 ,出水CODCr、BOD5、SS及油分的平均浓度分别为 43 5 0mg L、18 90mg L、2 1 0mg L及 0 86mg L。当印染废水的进水CODCr、BOD5负荷为 3 8～5 8kg m3·d和 1 3～ 1 8kg m3·d时 ,出水CODCr、BOD5浓度分别低于 90mg L和 35mg L。其处理出水均达到了国家一级排放标准。选用的新工艺运行管理方便 ,出水稳定 ,处理费用为 0 6～ 0 8元 t,且基本无污泥产生 ,证明该技术符合清洁生产的环保新概念。实践证明 ,新型生物三相流化床具有体积负荷大 ,抗冲击能力强 ,处理效率高的特点     

Occurrence and impact of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans in the air and soil around a municipal solid waste incinerator

To assess the influence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) on the environment in the vicinity of municipal solid waste incinerators(MSWIs), we determined the levels of PCDD/Fs in air and soil samples collected around a MSWI, which is the largest in China. The International Toxicity Equivalency Quantity(I-TEQ) concentrations of PCDD/Fs in air samples were from 0.0300 to 1.03 pg I-TEQ/m~3(0.445–13.6 pg/m~3), with an average of 0.237 pg I-TEQ/m~3, while in soil samples they ranged from 0.520 to 3.40 pg I-TEQ/g(2.41–88.7 pg/g) with an average of1.49 pg I-TEQ/g. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs in air and soil samples were comparable to other areas, and Pe CDFs were the dominant contributors, which was different from stack gas homologue patterns. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that PCDD/Fs emission from the MSWI did not directly affect the profiles of PCDD/Fs in air and soils, so that vehicles and unidentified emission sources should be considered. The daily inhalation levels of PCDD/Fs for children(0.0110 to 0.392 pg I-TEQ/(kg·day) and adults(0.00600 to 0.221 pg I-TEQ/(kg·day) near the MSWI were lower than the tolerable daily intake of 1.00 to 4.00 pg WHO-TEQ/(kg·day), but in winter the values were higher than in summer. These results can be used as basic data for assessing the risk of PCDD/Fs exposure in residents living around this MSWI, and more monitoring programs and studies should be carried out around MSWIs.     

物理和生物组合扰动对底泥微界面过程的影响

借助Rhizon间隙水采样技术、Unisense微电极技术,解析了物理扰动和摇蚊幼虫组合扰动对底泥微界面和微环境特征的协同作用.结果表明,组合扰动、生物扰动均导致溶解氧渗透深度(OPD)、总氧气交换速率(TOE)、含水率、总微生物活性显著增加,并保持在高于对照实验的水平.并且,组合扰动下,这些指标随着物理扰动强度增加而有所增加.对于Fe2+而言,组合扰动和生物扰动均导致Fe2+含量明显降低,且降低幅度明显大于对照实验.Fe2+、含水率、总微生物活性在底泥0~4 cm内受扰动影响变化幅度较大.这可能是内源磷形态转化的"活性区域".对组合扰动下OPD、TOE、Fe2+、含水率、总微生物活性与物理扰动强度进行曲线拟合.结果表明,各拟合方程均符合2阶多项式,且当扰动强度≥34 r·min-1,组合扰动对上述指标产生"跃变式"叠加作用.这种改造效应可能是内源磷形态转化的主要诱发机制.     

Spatial and temporal variation of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in 26 cities in China

O3and PM2.5were introduced into the newly revised air quality standard system in February 2012, representing a milestone in the history of air pollution control, and China's urban air quality will be evaluated using six factors(SO2, NO2, O3, CO, PM2.5and PM10) from the beginning of 2013. To achieve the new air quality standard, it is extremely important to have a primary understanding of the current pollution status in various cities. The spatial and temporal variations of the air pollutants were investigated in 26 pilot cities in China from August 2011 to February 2012, just before the new standard was executed. Hourly averaged SO2, NO2and PM10were observed in 26 cities, and the pollutants O3, CO and PM2.5were measured in 15 of the 26 cities. The concentrations of SO2and CO were much higher in the cities in north China than those in the south. As for O3and NO2, however, there was no significant diference between northern and southern cities. Fine particles were found to account for a large proportion of airborne particles, with the ratio of PM2.5to PM10ranging from 55% to 77%. The concentrations of PM2.5(57.5 μg/m3) and PM10(91.2 μg/m3) were much higher than the values(PM2.5: 11.2 μg/m3; PM10 : 35.6 μg/m3) recommended by the World Health Organization. The attainment of the new urban air quality standard in the investigated cities is decreased by 20% in comparison with the older standard without considering O3, CO and PM2.5, suggesting a great challenge in urban air quality improvement, and more eforts will to be taken to control air pollution in China.     

沈阳市环境空气质量天气模式预报方法

应用2003年和2004年6月~8月天气形势资料和同期环境空气自动监测数据进行统计分析,建立夏季天气模式预报方法,同时应用2005年资料进行验证,预报效果较好,环境空气中首要污染物———可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的级别预报准确率、趋势预报准确率和总站发布预报范围准确率分别达到60%、80%和90%,该预报方法可作为业务预报使用。     

Degradation of nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds by anodic oxidation and electro-Fenton methods.

This study describes the degradation of nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds (NHCs) by anodic oxidation and electro-Fenton. Using indole as a model nitrogen-heterocyclic compound, the removal of indole reached 68% and 97% by anodic oxidation and electro-Fenton, respectively, while the decay of TOC was 15% and 38% correspondingly. By the analysis of ultraviolet-visible spectra and liquid chromatography/mass spectrum, the degradation mechanism of indole by electro-Fenton was proposed as hydroxyl oxidation and anodic oxidation. The degradation of other NHCs including quinoline, isoquinoline and pyridine by anodic oxidation and electro-Fenton revealed the same sequence: quinoline approximately equal isoquinoline > indole > pyridine. A significant correlation between ln k (natural logarithm of rate constants) and E(LUMO) (the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbit) was obtained by quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis. Degradation of coking plant wastewater showed the removal of COD and TOC were 42% and 22% respectively after 180 min treatment by electro-Fenton.