天津市PM10和PM2.5中水溶性离子化学特征及来源分析

2011年5月—2012年1月在天津市南开区设立采样点,采集大气中PM10和PM2.5样品。采用离子色谱法测定颗粒物中水溶性无机阴离子、阳离子成分,分析其主要组成、季节变化及污染来源。结果表明,天津市PM10中离子平均浓度为71.2μg/m3,占PM10质量浓度的33.7%。PM2.5中离子平均浓度为54.8μg/m3,占PM2.5质量浓度的39.6%。NH+4、SO2-4、NO-3等二次离子含量较大,且夏季含量均为最高。颗粒物总体呈酸性,PM10中∑阳离子/∑阴离子平均值为0.92,PM2.5中该比值为0.75。来源分析发现,PM10可能主要来源于海盐、工业源、二次反应及土壤和建筑尘等,PM2.5则主要来源于海盐污染源、二次反应及生物质燃烧。     

Stormwater runoff quality from different surfaces in an urban catchment in Beijing, China

Urban stormwater runoff quality, widely investigated around the world, has been monitored less in Beijing, China, which impedes the municipal government to use best management practices to protect surface water. In this study, rainwater and stormwater runoff samples from roofs, roads, and a lawn on the campus of the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences (RCEES) (Beijing, China) and from a ring road, with heavy traffic, have been sampled and analyzed for 31 storm events from June 2004 to August 2005. Total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations in rainwater and runoff ranged over 2 or more orders of magnitude, meaning that the highest concentration of a certain pollutant did not always occur in a certain kind of runoff. Runoff contained significantly higher concentrations of pollutants than rainwater. On the campus of RCEES, TSS and total phosphorus in runoff samples from the lawn and roads were significantly higher than those from roofs, while the COD, BOD5, and total nitrogen concentrations were not significantly different in runoff among surfaces. Compared with runoff from the roads on campus, runoff from the ring road contained more COD and total nitrogen, but less TSS, BOD5, and total phosphorus. All pollutants measured in runoff from roofs on campus and from the ring road showed a peak concentration in starting runoff, which then decreased sharply. The peak concentrations of COD, BOD5, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus in the roof runoff increased with the increase in time of the antecedent dry period. Thus, urban stormwater pollution control, especially for first-flush control, is of great importance for the full use of rainwater and prevention of water pollution.     

保障城镇生活COD减排的污水处理程度及投资预测

城镇生活COD排放量的持续增加直接加大了COD减排压力,更加大了工业COD的减排压力.因此,加强城镇生活COD减排,预测其所需的污水处理设施及投资至关重要.按照2006-2010年城镇人均生活污水排放量年均递增率设置4种情景,预计为满足减排要求,2010年城市生活污水处理率约为67%～71%,城市环境基础设施建设投资可能达到2 000亿元.     

掺杂纳米Bi2WO6的水热合成及其光催化性能研究

采用水热法合成了掺杂纳米Bi₂WO₆,以罗丹明B为目标降解物,研究了样品在可见光下的光催化性能。采用XRD测试了合成样品的晶体结构,采用BET法测试了合成样品的比表面积,实验结果表明适当浓度的Pb²⁺、Sr³⁺和Zr⁴⁺离子对纳米Bi2WO6的掺杂均能提高其催化性能,其中掺杂Pb²⁺、Zr⁴⁺更有效,且Pb²⁺在1%掺杂时效果最好,Zr⁴⁺在0.5%掺杂时效果最好。而且,光催化剂在光催化过程中性能稳定,不产生光腐蚀,并具有一定的吸附性能。     

GIS支持下的锡林郭勒盟旱灾救灾区划初探

基于自然灾害系统理论,构建内蒙古锡林郭勒盟的旱灾评价系统模式,表明灾情是致灾因子、孕灾环境和承灾体综合作用的产物。以锡林郭勒盟的旱灾程度、救灾等级、备灾能力（经济水平与社会状况）、应急能力（物资储备及物流通达水平）、恢复能力（恢复与重建）等重要指标为核心,对锡林郭勒盟的旱灾灾前、灾中、灾后三个阶段的响应能力进行评价与地域划分,并与锡林郭勒盟的旱灾等级区划相结合,构建了灾害-响应程度模型。     

Simulated-sunlight-activated photocatalysis of Methylene Blue using cerium-doped SiO2/TiO2 nanostructured fibers

Cerium-doped SiO₂/TiO₂ nanostructured fibers were fabricated by electrospinning technology. The prepared fibers were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Using the fibers as catalysts, photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) aqueous solution was carried out under simulated sunlight. The 0.2% Ce doping proved to be the optimal concentration for the doping of TiO₂/SiO₂, compared to other Ce-doped molar concentrations. The 0.2% Ce-doped SiO₂/TiO₂ fibers exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than industrial Degussa P25 and the samples doped with only Ce or SiO₂. The reasons for improving the photocatalytic activity were also discussed. Several operational parameters were studied, which showed that the photocatalytic efficiency of MB was influenced by parameters such as the initial dye concentration, the initial pH, inorganic anions, and so on. In addition, the influences of an electron acceptor and a radical scavenger suggested that OH was the dominant photooxidant during the photocatalytic process. The reuse evaluation of the fibers indicated that their photocatalytic activity had good stability.     

反复扰动下加藻对不同形态磷相互转化的影响

以太湖梅梁湾沉积物和上覆水为材料,研究了反复扰动下加藻与否对沉积物中不同形态磷数量分布的影响.试验结束时,对照试验、单纯反复扰动、加藻反复扰动其上覆水中溶解性总磷(DTP)含量依次增加了75%、62.5%和18.8%,单纯反复扰动和加藻反复扰动试验上覆水中溶解性无机磷(DIP)浓度分别增加了300%和100%.加藻反复扰动和单纯反复扰动下,沉积物中钙磷(Ca-P)的净减少量分别为31mg/kg DW和 9mg/kg DW.表明, DTP和DIP的释放主要取决于沉积物中铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)和Ca-P的减少量.沉积物中Fe/Al-P和 Ca-P的含量有所降低,主要归因于反复扰动和藻类的同化吸收作用.然而,加藻反复扰动和单纯反复扰动下,藻类可利用磷(AAP)却有所增加.这表明藻类浓度较低时,其对磷的吸附同化量明显低于沉积物中Fe、黏土颗粒以及CaCO3的吸附量.尽管AAP的形成与还原速率很难测定,但其却可以很好地表征沉积物中内源磷的生物有效性.加藻反复扰动下,Ca-P的含量持续降低,这表明藻类吸附同化了部分Ca-P.因此,在一定藻浓度条件下,可用沉积物中NH4Cl-P, AAP, %Ca-P的和来表征生物有效磷(BAP)含量.     

ABR处理大豆蛋白废水的效能及微生物群落动态分析

为考察厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理大豆蛋白生产废水的效能及其运行特征,采用有效容积为28 L的四格室ABR,通过为期100 d的运行,研究了基于进水COD浓度提高的有机负荷(OLR)改变对其处理效能的影响,并以真细菌的通用引物SRV3-2P和BSF8/20,通过单链构象多态性(SSCP)和UPGMA群落聚类分析,对反应器运行过程中微生物菌落结构的动态变化进行了研究.结果表明,以啤酒厂二沉池排放的好氧剩余污泥为种泥.在污泥接种量MLVSS为18.0 g·L-1、进水COD浓度2 000mg·L-1、HRT 39.5 h、(35±1)℃等条件下,可在31 d内成功启动ABR并达到初步稳定运行,COD去除率达到96%左右;ABR具有较强的抗OLR冲击能力,当OLR由1.2 kg·(m3·d)-1逐步提高到6.0 kg·(m3·d)-1时,ABR仍能实现安全稳定运行,其COD去除率可以稳定在98%左右;OLR的改变,对ABR内微生物群落的结构以及不同微生物类群在各格室中的分布具有显著影响,随着OLR的逐步提高,ABR各格室微生物的遗传距离逐渐拉大.特异性随之增加,表现出显著的生物相分离特征.     

天津地区土壤中DDT的残留分布研究

采集了覆盖整个天津地区的188个土壤表层样品,并分析了样品中p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDD 和 o,p′-DDT等6种DDT代谢产物.结果表明p,p′-DDT 和 p,p′-DDE是表土中的主要污染物,其平均残留量分别为27 5和 18 8 ng@g -1.不同类型土壤∑DDT差异不显著.污灌区与非污灌区内的样品中 DDT及其代谢产物的差异不显著,但1970-1980年DDT施用量较高的地区如今土壤中的残留量均较高.土壤理化性质如pH以及TOC对DDTs的残留量有较显著的影响.禁用20年以来,DDT的总体残留量水平仍较高,是否依然有间或使用,有待探讨.