Characterization of volatile organic compounds in the urban area of Beijing from 2000 to 2007

Beijing is one of the most polluted cities in the world. In this study, the long-term and continuous measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the urban area of Beijing, specifically at Beijing 325 m Meteorological Tower, were conducted from 2000 to 2007. The annual record of VOC trends exhibited in two different phases was separated in 2003. Records show that VOC concentrations increased from 2000 to 2003 due to the abrupt increase in vehicle number. Contrarily, since 2003, there had been a decrease in VOCs concentrations as the policy on gasoline and air pollution was implemented. Toluene, benzene, and i-pentane are the chemicals that abound in and are directly related to vehicle activity, such as in vehicle exhaust and gasoline evaporation. Furthermore, records indicate that there had been seasonal variation in VOCs levels in that VOCs level in summer is higher than that in winter. As such, temperature is considered to significantly contribute to VOCs in Beijing. Records also show that VOCs level was high in the morning and during rush hours in the evening. In contrast, VOCs level was low during midday due to photochemical destruction with OH radical and dilution effect. In this study, a particular benzene to toluene ratio range (0.4-1.0) was used as the indicator of air propelled by vehicular exhaust. We also applied the correlation coefficients between BTEX and i-pentane to evaluate evaporation influence to ambient BTEX in the Beijing urban area.     

微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀及其在固定重金属领域的应用进展

生物矿化已受到化学、物理、生物、材料、医学、生命及环境等多学科的广泛关注,其中,以尿素为底物的MICP（微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀）技术是生物矿化领域的研究热点之一.在分析MICP过程中的酶解机理和生物大分子在微生物矿化过程中的作用基础上,通过对重金属离子的矿化产物和碳酸盐矿化菌的成矿因素分析,揭示MICP矿化产物的特征及形成条件.碳酸盐矿化菌主要产生脲酶分解尿素,增加土壤CO₃2-饱和度,其代谢产生的胞外聚合物具有多种功能团组合和键能连接,起着调控生物矿化的作用.MICP技术可用于固定土壤和水体中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As等重金属,重金属主要以共沉淀的形式被固定,阴阳离子型重金属以类质同象置换方式分别占据方解石中的CO₃2-位和Ca2+位,从而促使污染土壤中的可交换态重金属向碳酸盐结合态转移.但是,MICP技术主要针对减少重金属的生物可利用性,不能满足以全量来计算的现行土壤环境质量标准,且MICP技术在长期有效性、生物安全性和土壤理化性质等方面存在诸多隐患.因此,由试验条件转向实际应用具有一定挑战.建议寻找更稳定的方法以阻止碳酸盐矿物中的重金属溶出,且有必要将开发高效的土著微生物复合菌剂作为未来MICP研究的方向之一.      

环境浓度抗生素选择性压力改变活性污泥微生物群落结构

为探究环境浓度抗生素(5μg·L~(-1)和50μg·L~(-1))选择性压力下活性污泥微生物的性能变化,选择四环素及磺胺甲噁唑2种高频检出的抗生素作为研究对象,分别考察2种抗生素单一和复合作用下对序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中废水处理效能、微生物活性及群落结构的影响。结果表明,与不添加抗生素的空白对照组相比,2种抗生素在50μg·L~(-1)和5μg·L~(-1)暴露浓度下,经过60 d运行,COD和NH+4-N去除效果未受明显影响(P0.05),微生物的活菌比变化不显著(P0.05),ATP含量显著降低(P0.05)。在微生物群落结构方面,革兰氏阳性菌增加,革兰氏阴性菌减少,原生动物含量减少,香农-威尔生物多样性指数下降。添加抗生素的样品中微生物优势菌群由变形菌门变为放线菌门,放线菌含量(均高于45%),高于空白对照组(30.72%);放线菌门的Micropruina属所占比例最高(24%),且高于空白对照组(18.77%)。抗生素选择性压力可改变活性污泥微生物的活性及群落结构,但长期作用下对污水处理效能及抗生素抗性基因传播的影响还需要进一步研究。     

华南退化草坡自然恢复中物种多度分布的动态与模拟

华南地区退化草坡自然恢复过程中物种多度格局的动态及其模拟,尚缺乏较为系统的研究.文章探讨是否不同演替阶段群落适合不同的种多度模型,是否存在一个最佳模型以揭示演替过程中群落结构的某些内在数量特征;还要推导多个模型的尺度转换形式.为此,在地处南亚热带的鹤山退化草坡选取处于不同演替阶段的2个典型群落样地,分木本层和草本层调查每个维管植物种的多度;且选择7个具有不同函数形式和广泛代表性的种多度模型,均在倍程(即log2)尺度下拟合数据,运用卡方检验和调整决定系数评估各个模型的适合性.结果表明:(1)7个模型的适合性顺序为:对数柯西＞对数双曲正割＞对数正态＞对数级数＞生态位优先占领＞断棒＞重叠生态位,其中对数柯西适合全部数据,重叠生态位则全部不适合;(2)各模型适合与否和演替阶段无关;(3)左截断对数柯西模型预测的种多度分布显示,随着群落演替,上层(木本层)罕见种比例减少、常见种比例增多,下层(草本层)则相反,这与实际相符.对数柯西分布具有普适性,能最好地反映退化草坡自然恢复中种多度分布的格局与动态.     

大气颗粒物上多环芳烃的识别和源解析的进展

本文对当前大气颗粒物上ＰＡＨｓ的识别和源解析的定量及定性和半定量的方法进行了综述，定性及半定量方法简便易行，但误差大；化学质量平衡法结果较准确具体，但ＰＡＨｓ会发生化学反应而降解，并且没有各种燃烧源较完整的ＰＡＨｓ成份谱，这已成为ＣＭＢ广泛推行的障碍；多元统计方法不考虑ＰＡＨｓ的降解，但要求数据量大，国内外的科学工作者用不同的方法和手段，使ＰＡＨｓ来源的识别和源解析工作有了一定进展。     

降雨入渗条件下内河航道岸坡稳定性分析

降雨入渗是引起内河航道岸坡失稳的重要因素。目前降雨入渗条件下岸坡稳定性数值分析中,关于岸坡竖向剖面的饱和度与孔压分布规律,主要针对不同的雨型分布开展研究,而不同的降雨强度、降雨历时和土体饱和渗透系数也会显著影响饱和度与孔压随深度的分布,从而影响岸坡的稳定性;降雨作用下的许多岸坡失稳现象发生在降雨停止后的某一时刻,目前鲜见针对降雨作用停止后岸坡稳定性变化规律的数值模拟研究;当降雨强度与岸坡土体饱和渗透系数较为接近时,对岸坡的稳定性最为不利,已有研究中没有结合降雨强度考虑土体饱和渗透系数变化对岸坡稳定性的影响。基于此,通过建立ABAQUS有限元数值模型,分析降雨作用对岸坡饱和度、孔隙水压力、位移变形和安全系数的影响。结果表明:降雨入渗会使岸坡浅层土体的饱和度与孔压急剧升高;雨水渗流及基质吸力会使岸坡土体产生变形,强降雨会使浅层土体发生严重塑性破坏;降雨强度一定时,随着降雨时长增加,岸坡稳定性降低,土体渗透系数较小时,岸坡安全系数最小值出现在降雨结束后某一时刻;土体渗透系数对于岸坡稳定性的影响需同降雨强度结合起来考虑。     

小风和静风状态下连续体源大气扩散模式的理论推导

以小风和静风状态下连续点源的大气扩散模式为基础,采用与体源烟团的初始分布尺度相当的初始时间修正其扩散参数公式中的运行时间,从理论上导出了小风和静风状态下连续体源的大气扩散模式。该模式与现有的大气扩散模式体系完全相容,可以方便地应用于小风和静风状态下连续体源引起的地面浓度的预测计算。     

A Pilot Study on Using Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene Biomarker for Exposure to PAHs in Beijing

To study whether the urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) could be the biomarker of atmospheric PAHs, a small-scale pilot study was carried out on the relation of 1-OHP vs PAHs with the traffic policemen in Beijing of smokers and nonsmokers to be subgroups in both the exposure and control groups. Both the PAHs and 1-OHP were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The ambient concentrations of PAHs were different at the different sites (the average sum of PAHs (TPAH) were 12.36, 16.27, 18.37 ng/m³ at the suburban residential, police station and high traffic area, respectively.), but considerably lower than the personal-exposure concentrations (the average TPAH were 65.84 and 47.28 ng/m³ for patrol cars and inspection station, respectively). Pyrene was correlated well with BaP and the summed PAHs (TPAH), with the correlation coefficients (R) of 0.79, 0.87 for ambient level and 0.92, 0.96 for personal exposure, respectively. The average of 1-hydroxypyrene of smokers and nonsmokers were 0.39, 0.15 μmol/mol creatinine in control group and 0.57, 0.33 μmol/mol creatinine in exposure group, respectively. The better correlation of pyrene to BaP and TPAH especially for personal exposure samples indicated that the probability of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene, the metabolite of pyrene, to be the biomarker of total PAH. Nonsmokers in the exposure and control groups had indistinguishable levels of 1-OHP, presumably because the ambient levels of pyrene were so similar (the average were 3.25, 3.20 ng/m³ at the police station and high traffic area, respectively.). Smokers in the control group had significantly higher 1-OHP than that of the nonsmokers, but showed indistinguishable differences in the exposure group. These results suggested that urinary 1-OHP could be a biomarker of PAHs only when the level of PAHs was at a relatively higher level. Smoking as an important influencing factor need to be controlled carefully.     

厌氧活性污泥工艺生物发酵产氢能力研究

为了获得廉价氢气,开发新能源,利用厌氧活性污泥对有机废水的发酵作用制取氢气,应用研制的连续流生物制氢反应器进行试验。结果表明,碳水化合物的产氢─产酸过程是通过乙醇型发酵。在最佳运行条件下,产氢能力达0.42～0.47LH2/L·h,气体产率达0.3m^{3发酵气/kg进水COB。还探讨了COD容积负荷、搅拌器转速等运行参数对产氢能力的影响,提出了获得较高产氢能力的工程控制对策,为进一步开发生物制氢技术,实现工业化提供了依据。}     

美国的生态损害赔偿制度

<正>概述美国生态损害赔偿制度经历了从普通法到制定法的发展过程。最初,生态损害仅作为环境侵权损害的一种,由美国普通法赋予公共机构对自然资源损害赔偿的起诉权,从而实现赔偿请求。由于普通法提供的对生