Substance flows through the economy and environment of a region

Part I: Abstract  In the tradition of the study of materials flows through society, the Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) method is presented. SFA aims at providing the relevant information for a country’s overall management strategy regarding single substances or coherent groups of substances. This article is dedicated to the presentation of a threestep general framework for SFA-type studies, and elaborates on its first step the systems definition. Attention is given to the definition of the external and internal system boundaries, the categorization of the system’s elements, aspects of materials choice, time, and space, and how these depend on the aim of the conducted study. Moreover, a broader discussion is started on the need for standardization of materials flow studies in general. Part II: Abstract  In the tradition of the study of materials flows through society, the Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) method and its software tool SFINX are presented. SFA aims at providing the relevant information for a country’s overall management strategy regarding single substances or coherent groups of substances. Three modelling techniques and their possibilities and limitations are discussed: Bookkeeping, static modelling, and dynamic modelling. The computer program SFINX can be used for varoius purposes: (1) to obtain an overview of stocks and flows of a substance in, out and through a nation’s economy and environment for a specific year, (2) to trace the origins of specific pollution problems, and (3) to estimate the effectiveness of certain abatement measures. Each application has its own requirements with regard to data and modelling.     

环境内分泌干扰物--邻苯二甲酸酯的研究

介绍了环境内分泌干扰物的生殖毒性，综述了不同环境样品中邻苯二甲酸酯类内分泌干扰物的前处理技术和分析测试技术，并指出环境中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染状况。     

城市污水处理厂不同工艺段中有机氯农药残留

建立了基于HLB固相萃取柱和气相色谱 /电子捕获 (GC/ECD)分析城市污水中有机氯农药的分析方法 ,同时分析了北京市高碑店和北小河两个污水处理厂中 4个不同工艺段水体中有机氯农药的浓度。在两个污水处理厂的水体中共检出了 6种有机氯类农药 ,分别是α 六六六、β 六六六、γ 六六六、δ 六六六、艾氏剂和 4 ,4’ 滴滴滴 ,浓度在 1 89—6 9 6ng/L之间。结果表明 ,曝气活性污泥法对六六六类有机氯农药的去除效果较好。     

湿热法处理实现厨余垃圾饲料化的研究

探索了湿热法工艺处理厨余垃圾并将其饲料化的可行性。实验表明,湿热法处理可以在满足消毒杀菌的同时,降低厨余原料中的高油脂含量和高含盐量,调节营养成分,实现物化性状的均一。经湿热法处理后的厨余垃圾的饲用价值得到明显改善,可作为良好的饲料原料,同时可回收利用油脂。总之,湿热法工艺可实现厨余垃圾的无害化、减量化和资源化处理,对于消除环境污染、缓解我国饲料原料紧张及资源回收利用等方面有着显著的环境效益、社会效益和经济效益,具有重要的现实意义。     

纳米TiO2薄膜在不同陶瓷表面的负载及其光催化性能研究

利用2种不同表面处理的陶瓷作为载体,用溶胶凝胶法在其表面进行了纳米TiO2光催化薄膜的负载.采用X射线衍射法(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和扫描电镜(SEM)对薄膜的粒径、横断面及表面组成进行了表征和分析,结果表明,TiO2的平均粒径约为15 nm,釉面陶瓷TiO2薄膜分布均匀,膜厚约为300 nm;无釉陶瓷TiO2薄膜分布不均,膜层不明显;2种载体中的一些基质离子在TiO2薄膜有渗透.苯酚的降解实验表明,以2种不同表面处理的陶瓷为载体的TiO2薄膜对苯酚的降解均符合一级反应动力学,就催化活性而言,TiO2/釉面陶瓷＞TiO2/无釉陶瓷,分析认为基质渗透的Ca2 有降低TiO2光催化活性的作用;该薄膜对实际生产多菌灵废水具有催化降解作用.重复降解实验20次,TiO2/釉面陶瓷和TiO2/无釉陶瓷对苯酚的去除率仅分别降低9%和6%.     

马尔科夫链在环境质量预测中的应用

鉴于目前环境质量预测在理论方法和实践上的缺乏,把马尔科夫链引入环境质量的预测中,将各种污染物的浓度变化过程视作马尔科夫过程,通过预测各种污染物的污染负荷系数来推知其浓度值.实例中通过多元回归分析计算出马尔科夫转移矩阵,以2005年辽宁省5种大气污染物的污染负荷系数作为初始向量,预测了今后5年的变化.然后利用GM(1,1)模型预测出降尘的具体浓度值,由此计算出了2006～2010年辽宁省5种污染物的浓度值.     

国内外废旧便携式电池的循环利用比较

便携式电池包括一次电池和二次可充式电池,含有多种有色金属成分,如Ni,Cd,Mn,Li,Co,Cu,,Ag等。我国已成为世界电池生产、消费和出口大国,电池的生产消耗了大量的有色金属资源,其中包括国内紧缺的镍、钴金属等。分析了不同废旧电池的成分,介绍了废旧电池处理的主要方法。通过了解发达国家或地区,如欧盟、日本、美国、加拿大,以及国内在废旧便携式电池管理方面的立法和循环利用现状,发现国内废旧便携式电池的回收管理和循环利用工作存在很大差距。其主要原因是缺乏有效的收集设施,还没有建立基本的回收体系,法律监管力度不够,责任明细不清,公民回收意识薄弱等。     

垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)的制备及其燃烧技术研究

随着地球上人口数量的不断增长和社会发展城市化进程的加快,城市生活垃圾产量越来越大,如何处理城市垃圾问题日益为世界各国所重视,在以焚烧为代表的传统垃圾焚烧技术迅猛发展的同时也暴露出许多问题。由此文章提出了垃圾衍生燃料制备及燃烧技术以解决垃圾能源化问题。文章阐述了城市固体废弃物（MSW）的成分及RDF的分类,介绍了RDF的制备过程及其对环境的影响,并研究了三种RDF的燃烧技术。最后结合中国垃圾问题的具体特点以及中国城市化进程的发展情况,提出了中国发展RDF技术的思路。     

The Future Chemical Evolution of the Aral Sea from 2000 to the Years 2050

The future of Southern Aral Sea water in Kazakhstan, and of the sequence of mineral evaporitic sediments precipitated since the beginning of the present regression from gypsum to bloed-ite (astrakhanite) was studied. A comparison is made with previous regressive deposits discovered earlier in cores by I.V. Rubanov. Absence of mirabilite deposits in sediments of the eastern basin is attributed to deflation processes during the XIVth century AD.     

Measurement of fine particles in diesel emissions using a real-time aerosol monitor

A real-time monitoring methodology to determine diesel fine particles in diesel emissions has been evaluated. The range of particle size captured by the monitor was approximately 0.1 microm to 1 microm. DustTrak real-time monitors were connected to the dilution tunnel of the vehicle exhaust to measure the emissions during the vehicle tests under both dynamic and steady-state driving conditions, and concentration data were recorded every 5 sec. Test variation of the real-time monitoring among different test days was similar to that measured by traditional filter-based gravimetric method, whereas the repeatability of the monitor data within the same-day tests was better than that of gravimetric method. Correlations between the two methods were established for different fuels tested on a single light duty vehicle. When the emissions from the reference fuel was used to convert the monitor's response to diesel fuels, the levels determined by the real-time monitor were consistent with those measured by gravimetric method among different fuels tested. Use of the real-time monitor could provide information on the levels of fine particles that is more relevant to the public health than the total particles.