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481.
Gijs D. Breedveld Roger Roseth Magnus Sparrevik Thomas Hartnik Lars J. Hem 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2003,3(3):91-101
The environmental fate of many of the additives in the deicing agents used at airports is poorly understood. One and two years after deicing activities ceased, soil and groundwater samples were taken at an abandoned airport. Benzotriazole (BT), a corrosion and flame inhibitor, was found in low concentrations in soils along runways (mean 0.33 mg/kg), at a snow disposal site (0.66 mg/kg), as well as in sediments of a drainage ditch (13 mg/kg). Locally, high BT concentrations were found in the groundwater below the deicing pad, the regeneration plant and the snow disposal site (1.2 to 1100 g/l). Methyl substituted triazoles or tolytriazoles (MeBT) were found in concentrations less than 10% of the BT concentration. Propylene glycol was not detected in soil samples and in only one of the groundwater samples. Microtox tests of the water samples revealed no acute toxic response, however a reduction in nitrification rate was observed (14–43%). The nitrification response could not be related directly to the BT concentration in the samples, although samples with a high BT concentration showed the largest reduction in nitrification rate. BT showed very little sorption in various soil matrices, only peat and compost with a high organic carbon content showed significant sorption. Sorption could be best described using a Freundlich isotherm. These results indicate a high mobility and possibly long persistence of BT in soil and groundwater, which may be attributed to the absence of microbial degradation of BT. 相似文献
482.
Roger M. Evans 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1996,39(3):203-209
American white pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) lay two eggs but typically rear only one young owing to siblicidal brood reduction affecting the later-hatched, or B-chick.
When the A-offspring fails at an early age, the B-chick may survive as a replacement (insurance) offspring. Using a combination
of nests with natural and artificially manipulated hatching asynchrony, I examined the hypothesis that hatching asynchrony
in this species is adaptively tuned to permit B-chicks to survive during the time they are most likely to be needed as replacements,
with brood reduction following when they become redundant. Hatching asynchrony over the natural range of 0–4 days significantly
increased within-brood mass differentials and reduced B-chick lifespan. Full synchrony had a marginally negative effect on
A-chick mass. Greater asynchrony did not significantly affect the number of days B-chicks survived after hatching of the A-chick,
owing to a corresponding extension of time B-offspring were protected from harassment while still within the egg. This resulted
in a high probability (> 0.8) of B-chicks surviving through the initial period (5–7 days) of maximum early A-chick loss. Redundant
B-chicks were subject to heavy brood reduction, with both chicks likely to have survived at only one each of 94 natural and
84 manipulated (0, 2, and 4 days asynchrony) nests. Hatching asynchrony in American white pelicans, in combination with a
rapid development of senior chick siblicidal competence, appears to result in a time course of brood reduction appropriate
for an effective insurance reproductive strategy.
Received: 2 February 1996 /Accepted after revision: 18 May 1996 相似文献
483.
MANAGING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS: A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPROACH1
Paul F. Hudak Roger K. Speas F. Andrew Schoolmaster 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1995,31(3):439-445
ABSTRACT: Fuels contained in underground storage tanks (USTs) are a major source of soil and ground water contamination. Effective management of the problem at the urban level is difficult due to a large number of tanks and a vast array of factors (e.g., tank characteristics, geology) that determine environmental hazards. The problem is compounded by frequent abandonment and reuse of service stations, which makes it difficult to track the status of underground tanks. Geographic information systems (GIS) are ideally suited to organizing location and attribute data for variables that are pertinent to the UST management problem. A GIS-based UST management system was developed and applied to 136 current and former gasoline service stations in Denton, Texas. The system is effective for tank inventory and can be applied in a proactive fashion to identify potentially problematic facilities. In the event of a leak or spill, the management system can support the implementation of reactive measures to mitigate subsurface contamination. Potential beneficiaries of such a system include planning departments, environmental regulatory agencies, emergency management officials, lending institutions, gasoline distributors, and oil companies. 相似文献
484.
485.
J. Kent Mitchell Saied Mostaghimi Dale S. Freeny J. Roger McHenry 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1983,19(4):549-555
ABSTRACT The movement of fallout 137Cs carried by soil particles was studied as an indicator of erosion and sedimentation in the Allerton watersheds and 4-H Memorial Lake located near Monticello, Illinois. Sediment deposition was greater in the waterway draining from watershed IB than in the waterway from watershed IA. At the average rate of 2.3 cm/yr of sediment deposition in the lake (from 1954 to 1979), there will be a loss of over 2 meters of water depth in the next century. However, there appears to be a decreasing rate of sediment deposition in the 4-H Memorial Lake as a result of improved conservation practices on the watersheds and the increased effectiveness of vegetated waterways and buffers for retaining sediment. 相似文献
486.
Tapping the leakages: Methane losses, mitigation options and policy issues for Russian long distance gas transmission pipelines 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stefan Lechtenbhmer Carmen Dienst Manfred Fischedick Thomas Hanke Roger Fernandez Don Robinson Ravi Kantamaneni Brian Gillis 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2007,1(4):387-395
The Russian natural gas industry is the world's largest producer and transporter of natural gas. This paper aims to characterize the methane emissions from Russian natural gas transmission operations, to explain projects to reduce these emissions, and to characterize the role of emissions reduction within the context of current GHG policy. It draws on the most recent independent measurements at all parts of the Russian long distance transport system made by the Wuppertal Institute in 2003 and combines these results with the findings from the US Natural Gas STAR Program on GHG mitigation options and economics.With this background the paper concludes that the methane emissions from the Russian natural gas long distance network are approximately 0.6% of the natural gas delivered. Mitigating these emissions can create new revenue streams for the operator in the form of reduced costs, increased gas throughput and sales, and earned carbon credits. Specific emissions sources that have cost-effective mitigation solutions are also opportunities for outside investment for the Joint Implementation Kyoto Protocol flexibility mechanism or other carbon markets. 相似文献
487.
Jerry D. Ramsey Charles L. Burford Mohamed Youssef Beshir Roger C. Jensen 《Journal of Safety Research》1983,14(3):105-114
The effect of workplace thermal conditions on worker safety has not previously been adequately investigated, due in part to the difficulty of defining a suitable safety performance measure. This report describes a study conducted in two industrial plants to determine if a correlation exists between the safety-related behavior of workers and workplace thermal conditions. Both heat exposure measurements and behavioral observations were taken over a 14-month period, for a total of over 17,000 observations. The results indicate that temperatures below and above those typically preferred by most people have a significantly detrimental effect on the safety-related behavior of workers. This is demonstrated by an index based on the ratio of observed unsafe behaviors to the total number of observed behaviors. The relationship between this index of unsafe behavior and the ambient temperature formed a U-shaped curve. The minimum unsafe behavior index occurred within the zone of preferred temperature (approximately 17°C to 23°C, WBGT). Other factors such as metabolic workload and time during the shift also had significant effects on worker safety-related behavior. 相似文献
488.
Jerry C. Ritchie J. Roger McHenry 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1985,21(1):99-104
ABSTRACT: The determination of sediment accumulation rates is important in understanding how these materials are affecting lakes and reservoirs ecosystems. In this study three methods were used to estimate sediment accumulation rates in the impounded backwater lakes behind Lock and Dam Nos. 8 and 9 on the upper Mississippi River. The three methods were: 1) a “spud” survey, 2) a survey of bottom contours, and 3) the use of fallout cesium-137. The field use of these three methods of determining sediment accumulation and the potential errors and merits involved in each method are discussed. The results from the field study in backwater areas along the upper Mississippi River showed the survey of bottom contour method gave the lowest rate of sediment deposition and the 137Cs method gave the highest rates. Sediment accumulation rates from 0 to 7.8 cm per year were measured in the study area. All three methods are useful and have unique characteristics for determining rates and patterns of sediment accumulation. Thus the choice of a method to be used in a sediment survey is dependent on the type of information needed and the time available. 相似文献
489.
A. Roger Greenway Mark D. Shulman 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1969,5(4):56-62
The occurrence of rain and snow for New York City is examined in relation to atmospheric parameters at three levels for four first order weather bureau stations. An objective forecasting guide is developed using order statistic properties. Incorporating surface and upper level data, the guide is a highly accurate forecast tool. 相似文献
490.
This paper describes the development and implementation ofPREPLAN, A Pristine Environment Planning Language and Simulator, for two conservation areas in Australia, Kosciusko National Park (New South Wales) and Tutanning Nature Reserve (Western Australia).PREPLAN was derived from the North American gradient modeling systems and theForest Planning Language and Simulator (FORPLAN), but includes unique characteristics not previously available.PREPLAN includes an integrated resource management data base, modules for predicting site-specific vegetation, fuels, animals, fire behavior, and fire effects, and an English language instruction set.PREPLAN was developed specifically to provide available information and understanding of ecosystems to managers in a readily accessible and usable form, and to provide the motivation to conduct additional required research projects. An evaluation of the system's advantages and limitations is presented, and the way the utilization of such systems is improving natural area decision making throughout Australia is discussed. 相似文献