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91.
Longauer R Gömöry D Paule L Blada I Popescu F Mankovska B Müller-Starck G Schubert R Percy K Szaro RC Karnosky DF 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2004,130(1):85-92
The effects of air pollution on the genetic structure of Norway spruce, European silver fir and European beech were studied at four polluted sites in Slovakia, Romania and Czech Republic. In order to reduce potential effects of site heterogeneity on the health condition, pair-wise sampling of pollution-tolerant and sensitive trees was applied. Genotypes of sampled trees were determined at 21 isozyme gene loci of spruce, 18 loci of fir and 15 loci of beech. In comparison with Norway spruce, fewer genetic differences were revealed in beech and almost no differentiation between pollution-tolerant and sensitive trees was observed in fir. In adult stands of Norway spruce, sensitive trees exhibited higher genetic multiplicity and diversity. The decline of pollution-sensitive trees may result thus in a gradual genetic depletion of pollution-exposed populations of Norway spruce through the loss of less frequent alleles with potential adaptive significance to altered stressing regimes in the future. Comparison of the subsets of sensitive and tolerant Norway spruce individuals as determined by presence or absence of discolorations ("spruce yellowing") revealed different heterozygosity at 3 out of 11 polymorphic loci. 相似文献
92.
Jungmann D Brust K Licht O Mählmann J Schmidt J Nagel R 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2001,8(1):49-55
The potential hazard of chemicals on aquatic communities are generally evaluated by standardised single-species bioassays. Safety assessment is based on results gained from organisms adapted to lentic systems and biological interactions in ecosystems are neglected. While lotic communities are often at first in contact with chemicals, it is astonishing that microcosms with lentic communities are mainly used as a bridge between laboratory bioassays and outdoor aquatic systems. Hence, we established five artificial indoor streams to simulate abiotic factors of small rivers. The closed-circuit system was filled with nutrients added to tap water. Washed pebbles were used as sediment. The dynamics of a simple biocoenoses consisting of aufwuchs, Lumbriculus variegatus Asellus aquaticus and Gammarus fossarum was investigated. The dynamic of aufwuchs and periphyton was determined as dry weight and chlorophyll-a, respectively and qualitatively by pigment pattern. The abundance of different developmental stages of L. variegatus was determined at the end of the experiment as well as the population dynamics of G. fossarum and A. aquaticus. Survival rates of gammarids and juveniles per female were investigated and data were used for modelling the population dynamics. The experiment was carried out to investigate the performance of the established artificial streams and the developed approaches to investigate effects of chemicals on a basic lotic community. The prime reason to establish this approach was to close a gap between complex artificial stream systems and laboratory single species tests to assess the impact of chemicals on the aquatic environment. 相似文献
93.
Zusammenfassung Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, zu kl?ren, ob ein Zusammenhang zwischen den organischen Brandzersetzungsprodukten und dem Brandgut
besteht. Aus Gründen der Homogenit?t des Datenmaterials werden ausschlie?lich Untersuchungen der Forschungsstelle für Brandschutztechnik
an der Universit?t Karlsruhe statistisch ausgewertet. Die Zusammenfassung strukturell ?hnlicher Verbindungen sowie die Zuordnung
von Strukturindices erm?glicht Aussagen über die H?ufigkeit des Vorkommens bestimmter Stoffklassen im Brandrauch.
Dabei steht die Ermittlung von Leitsubstanzen im Vordergrund, wobei anorganische Brandzersetzungsprodukte nicht, besonders
leichtflüchtige (z.B. Acrolein oder Vinylchlorid) ebenso wie besonders schwerflüchtige organische Substanzen (z.B. h?here
PAKs) aufgrund des analytischen Verfahrens nicht oder nur unvollst?ndig Berücksichtigung finden.
Im Rahmen des vorhandenen Datenmaterials sind Benzol, Methylbenzol, Ethenylbenzol und Ethylbenzol immer im Brandrauch enthalten.
Die Bildung dieser Stoffe wird modellhaft beschrieben. Neben solchen brandrauchtypischen Substanzen treten weitere organische
Verbindungen auf, die für ein bestimmtes Brandgut typisch sind.
Viele der Brandzersetzungsprodukte haben ein krebserregendes Potential.
Aus diesen Ergebnissen ist abzuleiten, da? h?ufig exponierte Personen konsequenten Arbeitsschutz betreiben sollten. Um eine
bessere Gefahrenabsch?tzung hinsichtlich der gesundheitlichen Risiken zu erm?glichen sind toxikologische Untersuchungen erforderlich.
相似文献
94.
Solid waste residues from municipal solid waste incinerator flue gas cleaning systems basically consists of Al, Ca-silicates and metal oxides. At lower concentrations, environmentally harmful compounds such as alkali halide salts, heavy metals and traces of organic pollutants, e.g. PCDD, PCDF and PCB, are also present. For the reuse of the valuable materials (Al, Ca and metal oxides), an effective treatment technique for destroying the organic contaminants and separating the anorganic toxins from the non-toxic components has to be applied, which can only be achieved through thermal processing. Detailed investigations on vitrified electrostatic precipitator ash from municipal solid waste incinerator plants have shown promising results in regard to the mass balances, the chemical composition and the quality of the glass phase obtained. 相似文献
95.
Modeling the Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Source and Sink Demography of Neotropical Migrant Birds 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Therese M. Donovan Roland H. Lamberson Allison Kimber Frank R. ThompsonIII John Faaborg 《Conservation biology》1995,9(6):1396-1407
Many songbird populations in the midwestem United States are structured as a network of sources and sinks that are linked by dispersal. We used a modeling approach to examine explicitly how populations respond to incremental fragmentation of source habitat and how this response may vary depending upon two life-history attributes: fidelity to natal habitat type and reproductive strength of the source. Fragmentation of source habitat led to a predictable decline in population for both attributes examined, but the manner in which populations declined varied depending upon the reproductive strength of the source and the level of fidelity. When the source was weak and produced few excess individuals, fragmentation of source habitats resulted in a predictable and parallel population decline of adults in both the source and the sink. In this situation high fidelity to natal habitats was important for maintenance of population size and structure. Low fidelity to weak sources resulted in population extinction; populations experienced a demographic cost by dispersing from high quality source habitat to low quality sink habitat. In contrast, when the source was strong and produced many excess individuals, fragmentation of the source led to population declines in both the source and the sink, but this decline was more abrupt in sink habitats. When the source was strong and produced a large excess of individuals, nonfidelity to natal habitats had little effect on metapopulation size and structure. 相似文献
96.
97.
Ilya A. Volodin Vera A. Matrosova Roland Frey Julia D. Kozhevnikova Inna L. Isaeva Elena V. Volodina 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2018,105(7-8):40
Non-hibernating pikas collect winter food reserves and store them in hay piles. Individualization of alarm calls might allow discrimination between colony members and conspecifics trying to steal food items from a colony pile. We investigated vocal posture, vocal tract length, and individual acoustic variation of alarm calls, emitted by wild-living Altai pikas Ochotona alpina toward a researcher. Recording started when a pika started calling and lasted as long as possible. The alarm call series of 442 individual callers from different colonies consisted of discrete short (0.073–0.157 s), high-frequency (7.31–15.46 kHz), and frequency-modulated calls separated by irregular intervals. Analysis of 442 discrete calls, the second of each series, revealed that 44.34% calls lacked nonlinear phenomena, in 7.02% nonlinear phenomena covered less than half of call duration, and in 48.64% nonlinear phenomena covered more than half of call duration. Peak frequencies varied among individuals but always fitted one of three maxima corresponding to the vocal tract resonance frequencies (formants) calculated for an estimated 45-mm oral vocal tract. Discriminant analysis using variables of 8 calls per series of 36 different callers, each from a different colony, correctly assigned over 90% of the calls to individuals. Consequently, Altai pika alarm calls are individualistic and nonlinear phenomena might further increase this acoustic individualization. Additionally, video analysis revealed a call-synchronous, very fast (0.13–0.23 s) folding, depression, and subsequent re-expansion of the pinna confirming an earlier report of this behavior that apparently contributes to protecting the hearing apparatus from damage by the self-generated high-intensity alarm calls. 相似文献
98.
99.
The aim of this work is to clarify if there is a correlation between fuel and its organic combustion products. To acquire homogenous data sets for our investigations, we analysed only the measurements of the “Forschungsstelle für Brandschutztechnik” at the University of Karlsruhe. All compounds with a similar structure were grouped and structural indices were ascribed to them. This also made it possible to obtain information about the frequency of occurrence of a set of substances in fire smoke. The kind of analytical measurements used by this institute provided no or only little information about inorganic compounds, highly volatile substances like acrolein or vinyl chloride, and very poorly volatile substances (e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). We found that benzene, methylbenzene, ethenylbenzene and ethylbenzene are always present in fire smoke. The formation of these typical compounds is described by a model. Aside from these compounds which are typically related to the smoke from fires, substances are always observed which are typical for a distinct fuel. Many compounds which are expected to be in the smoke are highly carcinogenic. Therefore, it is necessary for people with a high exposure to the smoke of fires, e.g. firemen, to protect themselves efficiently. In order to obtain more information about the risks to health of fire smoke, toxicological investigations will be necessary. 相似文献
100.
Derek Armitage Rob C. de Lo? Michelle Morris Tom W. D. Edwards Andrea K. Gerlak Roland I. Hall Dave Huitema Ray Ison David Livingstone Glen MacDonald Naho Mirumachi Ryan Plummer Brent B. Wolfe 《Ambio》2015,44(5):353-366
In this policy perspective, we outline several conditions to support effective science–policy interaction, with a particular emphasis on improving water governance in transboundary basins. Key conditions include (1) recognizing that science is a crucial but bounded input into water resource decision-making processes; (2) establishing conditions for collaboration and shared commitment among actors; (3) understanding that social or group-learning processes linked to science–policy interaction are enhanced through greater collaboration; (4) accepting that the collaborative production of knowledge about hydrological issues and associated socioeconomic change and institutional responses is essential to build legitimate decision-making processes; and (5) engaging boundary organizations and informal networks of scientists, policy makers, and civil society. We elaborate on these conditions with a diverse set of international examples drawn from a synthesis of our collective experiences in assessing the opportunities and constraints (including the role of power relations) related to governance for water in transboundary settings. 相似文献