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Extinction models based on diffusion theory generally fail to incorporate two important aspects of population biology—social structure and prey dynamics. We include these aspects in an individual-based extinction model for small, isolated populations of the gray wolf (Canis lupus). Our model predicts mean times to extinction significantly longer than those predicted by more general (diffusion) models. According to our model, an isolated population of 50 wolves has a 95% chance of surviving just 9 years and only a 30% chance of surviving beyond 100 years. Reflecting the influence of social structure, a wolf population initially comprising 50 individuals is expected to persist only a few years longer, on average (71 years), than is a population initially comprising just a single reproductive pair (62 years). In contrast, substantially greater average prey abundance leads to dramatically longer expected persistence times. Autocorrelated prey dynamics result in a more complex distribution of extinction times than predicted by many extinction models. We contend that demographic stochasticity may pose the greatest threat to small, isolated wolf populations, although environmental stochasticity and genetic effects may compound this threat. Our work highlights the importance of considering social structure and resource dynamics in the development of population viability analyses. 相似文献
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Snjezana Kovjanic Sebastian C. Schuh Klaus Jonas Niels Van Quaquebeke Rolf van Dick 《组织行为杂志》2012,33(8):1031-1052
Although followers' needs are a central aspect of transformational leadership theory, little is known about their role as mediating mechanisms for this leadership style. The present research thus seeks to integrate and extend theorizing on transformational leadership and self‐determination. In particular, we propose that the satisfaction of followers' basic needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and employee outcomes (job satisfaction, self‐efficacy, and commitment to the leader). We tested this model in two studies involving employees from a broad spectrum of organizations in Germany (N = 410) and in Switzerland (N = 442). Results revealed largely consistent patterns across both studies. The need for competence fulfillment solely mediated the link between transformational leadership and occupational self‐efficacy; the need for relatedness fulfillment solely mediated the link between transformational leadership and commitment to the leader. The mediating pattern for the link between transformational leadership and job satisfaction varied slightly across studies. In Study 1, only the need for autonomy fulfillment was a significant mediator, whereas in Study 2, all three needs mediated this relationship. Taken together, our study integrates theorizing on transformational leadership and self‐determination by corroborating that need fulfillment indeed is a central mechanism behind transformational leadership. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Levels and patterns of C1-C4/C9 organic nitrates were measured for the first time in Antarctica. The sampling was done by adsorptive enrichment on Tenax TA followed by thermodesorption cold-trap high resolution capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection. 2-70 1 air on-column have been analyzed this way. C1-C9 alkyl mononitrates, C2-C4 alkyl dinitrates, C2-C4 hydroxy alkyl nitrates, and halocarbons could be identified in air samples collected near the German Neumayer Research Station, Antarctica, in February 1999. Volatile biogenic and anthropogenic halocarbons were used to assess the origin of the air parcels analyzed. The average concentration measured for sigmaC2-C6 alkyl nitrates was in the range of 9.2 +/- 1.8 ppt(v), while the sum of the mixing ratios of six C2-C4 hydroxy alkyl nitrates was in the range of 1.1 +/- 0.2 ppt(v). Moreover, C2-C4 alkyl dinitrates were found at levels near the detection limit of 0.1-0.5 ppt(v). The concentrations of organic nitrates found in Antarctic air represent ultimate baseline levels due to chemical and physical loss processes during long-range transport in the air. The South Atlantic and the Antarctic Ocean as a general secondary source for organic nitrates in terms of an air/sea exchange equilibrium has to be evaluated yet, but it seems logical. Our results confirm the common assumption that there are no biogenic marine sources of C2-C9 organonitrates. We have found a level of > 80 ppt(v) for methyl nitrate. This level if it can be confirmed in a systematic survey requires a strong biogenic source of methyl nitrate in the Antarctic Ocean. 相似文献
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Here, we review Charles Darwin’s relation to beetles and developments in coleopteran systematics in the last two centuries.
Darwin was an enthusiastic beetle collector. He used beetles to illustrate different evolutionary phenomena in his major works,
and astonishingly, an entire sub-chapter is dedicated to beetles in “The Descent of Man”. During his voyage on the Beagle,
Darwin was impressed by the high diversity of beetles in the tropics, and he remarked that, to his surprise, the majority
of species were small and inconspicuous. However, despite his obvious interest in the group, he did not get involved in beetle
taxonomy, and his theoretical work had little immediate impact on beetle classification. The development of taxonomy and classification
in the late nineteenth and earlier twentieth century was mainly characterised by the exploration of new character systems
(e.g. larval features and wing venation). In the mid-twentieth century, Hennig’s new methodology to group lineages by derived
characters revolutionised systematics of Coleoptera and other organisms. As envisioned by Darwin and Ernst Haeckel, the new
Hennigian approach enabled systematists to establish classifications truly reflecting evolution. Roy A. Crowson and Howard
E. Hinton, who both made tremendous contributions to coleopterology, had an ambivalent attitude towards the Hennigian ideas.
The Mickoleit school combined detailed anatomical work with a classical Hennigian character evaluation, with stepwise tree
building, comparatively few characters and a priori polarity assessment without explicit use of the outgroup comparison method.
The rise of cladistic methods in the 1970s had a strong impact on beetle systematics. Cladistic computer programs facilitated
parsimony analyses of large data matrices, mostly morphological characters not requiring detailed anatomical investigations.
Molecular studies on beetle phylogeny started in the 1990s with modest taxon sampling and limited DNA data. This has changed
dramatically. With very large data sets and high throughput sampling, phylogenetic questions can be addressed without prior
knowledge of morphological characters. Nevertheless, molecular studies have not lead to the great breakthrough in beetle systematics—yet.
Especially the phylogeny of the extremely species rich suborder Polyphaga remains incompletely resolved. Coordinated efforts
of molecular workers and of morphologists using innovative techniques may lead to more profound insights in the near future.
The final aim is to develop a well-founded phylogeny, which truly reflects the evolution of this immensely species rich group
of organisms. 相似文献
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Rolim Silvia Beatriz Alves Veettil Bijeesh Kozhikkodan Vieiro Antonio Pedro Kessler Anita Baldissera Gonzatti Clóvis 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2023,30(8):19602-19616
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - A large number of freshwater lakes around the world show recurring harmful algal blooms, particularly cyanobacterial blooms, that affect public health... 相似文献