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In aquatic environments, the biofouling process is assumed to initiate from the conditioning layer of absorbed organic carbon residues on wetted surfaces. Microfouling organisms attach to this conditioning layer, building up a biofilm on which further biofouling proceeds. In dolphins, biofouling reduces hydrodynamic efficiency and may negatively affect health if not managed. In the present study we examined the skin surface of the pilot whale (Globicephala melas). Employing cryo-scanning electron microscopic techniques combined with various sample preparations, the skin displayed an average nanorough surface characterized by a pattern of nanoridge-enclosed pores; the average pore size (approximately 0.20 µm2) was below the size of most marine biofouling organisms. Further, the implications of this type of surface to the self-cleaning abilities of the skin of pilot whales are discussed, based on reduced available space for biofouler attachment, the lack of any particular microniches as shelters for biofoulers, and the challenges of turbulent water flow and liquid-air interfaces during surfacing and jumping of the dolphin. 相似文献
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Zara Richmond Ron Fleischer Maya Chopra Jason Pinner Mario D'Souza Yelena Fridgant Jonathan Hyett 《黑龙江环境通报》2017,37(10):975-982
Objective: The aim of this study was to (1) examine the psychological impact of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) in women with a high-risk (≥1 : 300) and low-risk (≤1 : 301) result on combined first trimester screening (cFTS) and (2) to examine factors influencing anxiety and decision-making in both risk populations. Method: Questionnaires and structured interviews were administered to low (n = 50) and high (n = 63) risk women at the time of NIPT blood draw (point A) and again at least 1 week after receiving their NIPT result (point B). Anxiety levels were measured at these two time points using the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results: Both high-risk and low-risk cFTS groups demonstrated similar intrinsic (trait) anxiety levels (36 ± 10 vs 35 ± 10; p = 0.70). High-risk women had significantly higher levels of state anxiety at point A than low-risk women (42 ± 11 vs 36 ± 11; p < 0.01). Both groups had a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.01), to similar final levels of state anxiety at point B (30 ± 11 vs 29 ± 8; p = 0.61). Conclusion: Women receiving a high-risk result on cFTS have higher levels of state anxiety than their low-risk counterparts. Following a low-risk NIPT result, the anxiety levels in both populations are reduced to similar levels. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献