山阴地区浅层沉积物中砷的分布特征及吸附行为

本文通过室内实验的方法,对山阴高砷地下水地区不同浅层沉积物中砷的分布特征及吸附行为进行了研究。结果表明：研究区内饮用水浓度高,病情重。浅层承压含水层中的砷含量平均值为290 mg/kg,在17.4～22.7 m段的平均值达643 mg/kg,22.7～25.8 m段的平均值为115 mg/kg,25.8 m以下的平均值为212 mg/kg。As（Ⅲ）、As（Ⅴ）在4种沉积物表面上的动力学吸附过程均符合Lagergren模型,相关系数达0.9以上。沉积物对As（Ⅴ）的吸附速率较As（Ⅲ）快,但As（Ⅲ）在沉积物中的吸附比As（Ⅴ）稳定。4种含水层介质对As（Ⅲ）、As（Ⅴ）的吸附速率依次为粘土〉亚粘土〉粉砂〉中砂。吸附动力学吸附过程符合二级速率方程。Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程对As（Ⅲ）、As（Ⅴ）的吸附过程拟合性最佳,相关系数均在0.95以上。沉积物对As（Ⅲ）吸附的最佳pH在7～8范围内,As（Ⅴ）吸附的最佳pH在5～6左右。此外,沉积物对砷的吸附性能主要受沉积物颗粒大小、矿物成分等因素综合作用的影响,而非各组分吸附砷的简单加和。     

聚苯胺修饰电极去除水中高氯酸根

在三电极体系中,研究聚苯胺修饰电极对高氯酸根离子的电化学去除。基于导电高聚物的电控离子交换特性,在其电化学扫描过程中高氯酸根能够掺杂进入到聚苯胺高分子链。在0.10 mol/L Na2SO4(p H 4.0)电解液中电化学循环伏安扫描25 min,2 mg/L高氯酸根的去除率达96.5%;在相同处理时间内,去除率随高氯酸根浓度的增加而明显降低,且溶液p H在3到5的范围内得到最优的去除效果。通过红外光谱和X射线光电子能谱表征高氯酸根掺杂前后的聚苯胺膜,结合循环伏安图的分析提出高氯酸根去除过程中可能的反应机理:高氯酸根作为掺杂离子,随电位的改变在聚苯胺链中迁移。研究表明,基于聚苯胺的电控离子交换特性,可以开发一种绿色高效的高氯酸根去除技术。     

基于模糊集合理论的中国区域土地覆盖数据集融合及精度分析

全球土地覆盖的特征及其空间分布的信息是理解人类活动与全球变化之间复杂相互作用的关键信息来源,对全球变化研究至关重要。目前欧美等国家相继研制了全球范围的土地利用覆盖数据集,并对全球科学界免费提供,这些数据集为人类提供了更加准确的、完整的全球土地覆盖信息。然而,全球范围的土地利用覆盖数据集的种类多,特点不一,因此需要结合其优点,以适用于中国陆面。采用了一种基于模糊集合理论的数据融合方法,对主要数据集进行中国区域土地覆盖数据集融合分类重建,并结合高分辨率卫星分类结果进行了一致性检验分析。检验分析表明该方法能够兼容多种数据集的特点,该项成果可用于全国和区域数值模式以及生态环境评价等进一步研究应用     

The role of Mn oxide doping in phosphate removal by Al-based bimetal oxides: adsorption behaviors and mechanisms

This study investigated the behaviors and mechanisms of phosphate adsorbed onto manganese (Mn) oxide-doped aluminum (Al) oxide (MODAO). The isotherm results demonstrated that the maximum amount of phosphorus (P) adsorbed onto MODAO was 59.8 mg/g at T?=?298 K (pH 6.0). This value was nearly twice the amount of singular AlOOH and could increase with rising temperatures. The kinetic results illustrated that most of the P was adsorbed onto MODAO within 5 h, which was shorter than the equilibrium time of phosphate adsorption onto AlOOH. The Elovich model effectively described the adsorption kinetic data of MODAO because of its heterogeneous surface. The optimal solution pH for phosphate removal was approximately 5.0 because of electrostatic interaction effects. Meanwhile, the decrease in P uptake with increasing ion strength suggested that phosphate adsorption occurred through an outer-sphere complex. Phosphates would compete for adsorption sites on the surface of MODAO in the presence of fluoride ion or sulfate. In addition, the spectroscopic analysis results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy indicated that removal mechanisms of phosphate primarily include adhesion to surface hydroxyl groups and ligand exchange.     

Permeability test and slope stability analysis of municipal solid waste in Jiangcungou Landfill,Shaanxi, China

With the rapid increase of city waste, landfills have become a major method to deals with municipal solid waste. Thus, the safety of landfills has become a valuable research topic. In this paper, Jiangcungou Landfill, located in Shaanxi, China, was investigated and its slope stability was analyzed. Laboratory tests were used to obtain permeability coefficients of municipal solid waste. Based on the results, the distribution of leachate and stability in the landfill was computed and analyzed. These results showed: the range of permeability coefficient was from 1.0 × 10^–7 cm sec^–1 to 6.0 × 10^–3 cm sec^–1 on basis of laboratory test and some parameters of similar landfills. Owing to the existence of intermediate cover layers in the landfill, the perched water level appeared in the landfill with heavy rain. Moreover, the waste was filled with leachate in the top layer, and the range of leachate level was from 2 m to 5 m in depth under the waste surface in other layers. The closer it gets to the surface of landfill, the higher the perched water level of leachate. It is indicated that the minimum safety factors were 1.516 and 0.958 for winter and summer, respectively. Additionally, the slope failure may occur in summer.

Implications: The research of seepage and stability in landfills may provide a less costly way to reduce accidents. Landslides often occur in the Jiangcungou Landfill because of the high leachate level. Some measures should be implemented to reduce the leachate level. This paper investigated seepage and slope stability of landfills by numerical methods. These results may provide the basis for increasing stability of landfills.     

Statistical Methods and Pitfalls in Environmental Data Analysis

This paper reviews four commonly used statistical methods for environmental data analysis and discusses potential pitfalls associated with application of these methods through real case study data. The four statistical methods are percentile and confidence interval, correlation coefficient, regression analysis, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The potential pitfall for estimation of percentile and confidence interval includes the automatic assumption of a normal distribution to environmental data, which so often show a log-normal distribution. The potential pitfall for correlation coefficient includes the use of a wide range of data points in which the maximum in value may trivialize other smaller data points and consequently skew the correlation coefficient. The potential pitfall for regression analysis includes the propagation of uncertainties of input variables to the regression model prediction, which may be even more uncertain. The potential pitfall for ANOVA includes the acceptance of a hypothesis as a weak argument to imply a strong conclusion. As demonstrated in this paper, we may draw very different conclusions based on statistical analysis if the pitfalls are not identified. Reminder and enlightenment obtained from the pitfalls are given at the end of this article.     

Fate in soil of 14C-sulfadiazine residues contained in the manure of young pigs treated with a veterinary antibiotic

The fate of (14)C-labeled sulfadiazine ((14)C-SDZ) residues was studied in time-course experiments for 218 days of incubation using two soils (A(p) horizon of loamy sand, orthic luvisol; A(p) horizon of silt loam, cambisol) amended with fresh and aged (6 months) (14)C-manure [40 g kg(-1) of soil; 6.36 mg of sulfadiazine (SDZ) equivalents per kg of soil], which was derived from two shoats treated with (14)C-SDZ. Mineralization of (14)C-SDZ residues was below 2% after 218 days depending little on soil type. Portions of extractable (14)C (ethanol-water, 9:1, v/v) decreased with time to 4-13% after 218 days of incubation with fresh and aged (14)C-manure and both soils. Non-extractable residues were the main route of the fate of the (14)C-SDZ residues (above 90% of total recovered (14)C after 218 days). These residues were high immediately after amendment depending on soil type and aging of the (14)C-manure, and were stable and not remobilized throughout 218 days of incubation. Bioavailable portions (extraction using CaCl(2) solution) also decreased with increasing incubation period (5-7% after 218 days). Due to thin-layer chromatography (TLC), 500 microg of (14)C-SDZ per kg soil were found in the ethanol-water extracts immediately after amendment with fresh (14)C-manure, and about 50 microg kg(-1) after 218 days. Bioavailable (14)C-SDZ portions present in the CaCl(2) extracts were about 350 microg kg(-1) with amendment. Higher concentrations were initially detected with aged (14)C-manure (ethanol-water extracts: 1,920 microg kg(-1); CaCl(2) extracts: 1,020 microg kg(-1)), probably due to release of (14)C-SDZ from bound forms during storage. Consistent results were obtained by extraction of the (14)C-manure-soil samples with ethyl acetate; portions of N-acetylated SDZ were additionally determined. All soluble (14)C-SDZ residues contained in (14)C-manure contributed to the formation of non-extractable residues; a tendency for persistence or accumulation was not observed. SDZ's non-extractable soil residues were associated with the soluble HCl, fulvic acids and humic acids fractions, and the insoluble humin fraction. The majority of the non-extractable residues appeared to be due to stable covalent binding to soil organic matter.     

思林水电站碾压混凝土坝的渗流分析

碾压混凝土重力坝的坝身及地基渗径是筑坝中的关键技术问题。文章是以思林水电站碾压混凝土重力坝为研究对象,以大型通用有限元软件ANSYS为平台,其核心是对坝基有相互作用的整体坝段数值模型的建立以及利用程序对典型坝段的渗流场进行二维有限元渗流计算分析,研究碾压混凝土坝渗透特性及其影响因素,并证明了这种分析方法的可行性。     

水喷淋对仓库火蔓延及烟气输运影响的数值模拟

以某仓库作为工程背景,采用多维数值模拟研究水喷淋对火灾火蔓延及烟气输运的作用和影响.分别对该仓库在无水喷淋、水喷淋及时启动以及水喷淋延时动作的三种情况进行了较为详细的计算.模拟结果表明,无水喷雾时,该仓库的火蔓延速度逐步加快,热烟气层从顶棚附近逐步下降到地面附近;水喷雾及时启动时,火蔓延被有效抑制,热烟气层仅停留在顶棚附近;水喷淋延时动作时,火已经蔓延到较大区域,货物处于高温区,热烟气层下降到地面附近,虽然火被水喷淋系统扑灭,但货物已受到高温和烟气的危害.模拟结果为同类型仓库设计水喷淋系统的必要性提供了科学依据,同时也论证了确保水喷淋系统完整好用的重要性.     

环境样品中全氟辛酸分析方法的研究进展

全氟辛酸作为一类持久有毒化学污染物引起了人们的高度关注。本文总结了含全氟辛酸样品的前处理方法和检测方法。主要介绍了HPLC和GC等方法,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。