Influence of fuel mass load, oxygen supply and burning rate on emission factor and size distribution of carbonaceous particulate matter from indoor corn straw burning

The uncertainty in emission estimation is strongly associated with the variation in emission factor (EF),which could be influenced by a variety of factors such as fuel properties,stove type,fire management and even methods used in measurements.The impacts of these factors are complicated and often interact with each other.Controlled burning experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of fuel mass load,air supply and burning rate on the emissions and size distributions of carbonaceous particulate matter (PM) from indoor corn straw burning in a cooking stove.The results showed that the EFs of PM (EFPM),organic carbon (EFOC) and elemental carbon (EFEC) were independent of the fuel mass load.The differences among them under different burning rates or air supply amounts were also found to be insignificant (p > 0.05) in the tested circumstances.PM from the indoor corn straw burning was dominated by fine PM with diameter less than 2.1 μm,contributing 86.4%±3.9% of the total.The size distribution of PM was influenced by the burning rate and air supply conditions.On average,EF PM,EF OC and EF EC for corn straw burned in a residential cooking stove were (3.84±1.02),(0.846±0.895) and (0.391±0.350) g/kg,respectively.EF PM,EF OC and EF EC were found to be positively correlated with each other (p < 0.05),but they were not significantly correlated with the EF of co-emitted CO,suggesting that special attention should be paid to the use of CO as a surrogate for other incomplete combustion pollutants.     

装饰材料中挥发性有机物检测技术的研究进展

文章对装饰材料释放挥发性有机物(VOCs)的新型检测技术的研究进行了综述,介绍了有代表性的VOCs前处理捕集技术和VOCs检测技术的研究成果.根据VOCs捕集与进样技术的操作过程,VOCs前处理捕集技术可分为静态前处理过程和动态前处理过程,前者主要有静态顶空进样法和顶空-固相微萃取法,后者主要包括吹扫捕集法、环境测试舱...     

垃圾焚烧中吸附剂对Cd、Pb迁移分布的影响

利用管式炉和模拟垃圾,研究了焚烧过程中SiO₂、Al₂O₃、CaO等吸附剂对重金属Cd、Pb迁移分布的影响规律,考察了不同吸附剂添加量、管式炉反应温度和停留时间的影响.结果表明,在各反应温度下,SiO₂、Al₂O₃、CaO均有利于Cd停留在底渣中;对于Pb,SiO₂、Al₂O₃亦使其易于停留在底渣中,而CaO在高温时表现为使Pb更易于向飞灰迁移.上述影响的程度均随着吸附剂添加量的增加而增加.当反应炉温度为850℃时,各吸附剂对于Cd的吸附效果顺序为CaO>Al₂O₃>SiO₂,对Pb的顺序为Al₂O₃>SiO₂>CaO.反应炉温度和停留时间的增加,也都易于使Cd、Pb向飞灰迁移.     

关中地区冬季PM2.5中碳气溶胶的污染特征及来源解析

为研究关中地区冬季PM2.5中碳气溶胶的污染特征和来源,于2012年12月至2013年2月在西安、宝鸡、渭南和秦岭进行PM2.5的采集,并利用热光反射法测定了样品中的有机碳(organic carbon,OC)和元素碳(elemental carbon,EC).结果表明,4个采样点OC的平均质量浓度分别为47.8、45.8、31.2和37.0μg·m-3,EC分别为8.5、6.7、7.6和5.7μg·m-3,总碳气溶胶(total carbonaceous aerosol,TCA)分别占PM2.5的36.4%、46.2%、36.9%和33.4%.OC和EC的相关性在西安(R2=0.93)和秦岭(R2=0.91)高于宝鸡(R2=0.58)和渭南(R2=0.62),表明OC和EC在西安和秦岭可能具有更为相似的来源,也可能具有更高的混合程度.所有样品的OC/EC比值均大于2.0,表明有二次气溶胶(secondary organic carbon,SOC)的生成,4个采样点SOC分别占OC的21.6%、40.3%、23.2%和27.8%.正定矩阵因子分析法(positive matrix factorization,PMF)解析结果显示,燃煤是关中地区冬季碳气溶胶的首要来源,占45.3%~47.9%,汽油车和生物质燃烧是次要来源,分别占26.1%~33.1%和14.3%~20.1%,此外柴油车也有一定贡献.     

真菌(Aspergillus sp.)吸附Cu2+的研究

利用真菌Aspergillus sp.制备生物吸附剂,吸附重金属离子铜,实验分析了影响吸附率和吸附量的因素,结果表明,优化条件下,30℃, pH值5.0,起始Cu2+浓度50mg/L,摇床转速150r/min,经1mol/L NaOH预处理的吸附剂用量为5g/L,吸附时间45min,该吸附剂对Cu2+的吸附率达到92.22%.通过细胞显微观察和X-射线光电子能谱技术手段推断该菌细胞壁是Cu2+ 吸附的主要部位.     

Nitrification in natural waters with high suspended-solid content--a study for the Yellow River

In this research, the mechanism regarding the effects of suspended solids on nitrification in freshwater systems with high solid contents was examined. Experimental studies were conducted for natural water of the Yellow River under laboratory conditions. Nitrification kinetics was investigated in water systems with various levels of suspended-solid contents. The associated mechanisms were analyzed through investigation of the adsorption-desorption of ammonium nitrogen, the process of bacteria growth, and the feature of nitrification kinetics. The results indicated that the presence of suspended solids could accelerate the nitrification process. The nitrification rate would increase non-linearly with the increase of suspended-solid content. When the initial concentration of ammonia nitrogen was 12.70 mg/l in the water system, the ratios of half-time duration for nitrification would be 1.88:1.23:1 under suspended-solid contents of 0, 1.84 and 5.00 g/l, respectively. When the initial concentration of ammonia nitrogen was around 1.0 mg/l in the water system, the nitrification rates in systems with suspended-solid contents of 1.81 and 3.42 g/l would then be approximately 9 and 12 times that without suspended solids, respectively. The populations of nitrifying bacteria would rise with increasing suspended-solid content. The existence of suspended solids would increase the contact chances between bacteria and nitrogen, resulting in accelerated nitrification processes; this was manifested by the increased K(4) (tau(max)/K(S)) along with the raised suspended-solid contents while fitting nitrification kinetics with the growth-based logistic model. Since the amount of ammonium nitrogen adsorbed on suspended-solid surface was non-linearly proportional to the suspended-solid content, the nitrification rate was also non-linearly proportional to the suspended-solid content.     

城镇生态承载力评价方法构建与应用

提出了评价对象、评价目标和评价方法三位一体的城镇生态承载力综合评价方法,构建了递阶多层生态承载力评价指标体系和面向应用对象的、融合多指标评语信息的生态承载力综合评价模型.以浙江省义乌市为例,对2000-2007年义乌市的生态承载力状况进行了评价与分析.结果表明,义乌市2000 2007年的生态承载力得分在60～70分,且呈逐年增加的趋势,说明其承载力状况良好;各支持力要素中,环境支持力得分一般,虽然随时间呈现一定波动但基本保持不变.资源支持力得分最差,人类支持力得分最高,且随时间逐年增加.结合研究区域实际情况对其生态承载力影响因素进行了剖析,并提出了生态承载力提高措施,为其可持续发展提供理论指导.     

水生生态系统在污水处理中的应用

利用水生生态系统治理水体污染是污水处理领域的研究热点之一.综述了水生生态系统在处理污水中的应用现状,分析了影响处理效果的主要因素,并探讨了水生生态系统处理废水的运行机理,展望了水生生态系统的发展前景.     

水生生态系统在污水处理中的应用

利用水生生态系统治理水体污染是污水处理领域的研究热点之一.综述了水生生态系统在处理污水中的应用现状,分析了影响处理效果的主要因素,并探讨了水生生态系统处理废水的运行机理,展望了水生生态系统的发展前景.     

分散式高负荷地下渗滤污水处理系统的设计和运行

以广东佛山利华员工村生活污水处理工程为例,介绍了高负荷地下渗滤污水处理系统的设计方案和运行情况。该工程污水负荷高达56 cm/d,对进出水采样监测结果表明：系统对COD、BOD5、SS、NH4＋-N、色度、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为87.7%、78.9%、92.5%、87.6%、90%、52.2%和76.3%,出水的...