城市生活垃圾自动分选技术

迅速而巨量增长的城市生活垃圾给我国带来了严峻的社会、环境压力;城市生活垃圾的资源化、无害化综合利用,对于改善人民群众生活环境、减少资源浪费、发展循环经济,都具有十分重要的意义。要使城市垃圾综合利用目的得以实现,必须突破制约垃圾处理的瓶颈问题——垃圾分类技术这一世界难题。在分析垃圾特点和各种垃圾处理方法优势的基础上,经过多年的探索与研制,开发了一种新型的用于城市生活垃圾资源化综合利用的自动分选技术。     

清洁生产工艺在沙埝油田的实践与应用

介绍了沙埝油田自实施清洁生产以来,通过对污水、天然气、尾气、噪声等污染源的研究,确定了一系列的高、中、低费工艺改造方案,并对改造后的经济和环境效益进行了评价.     

贵州省区域煤矿排水重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

贵州煤炭资源丰富,含多种重金属的煤矿排水对环境污染明显.通过对贵州省不同地区共120个煤矿排水进行采样分析,采用单因子评价、重金属污染指数法和水环境健康风险模型3种评价方法,分别对不同区域重金属污染特征及人体健康风险进行评价.结果表明,贵州省煤矿排水多呈酸性或弱酸性,12种重金属的污染超标状况从大到小为Fe、Mn、Ni、Al、Co、Zn、Cd 与 Cr、As、Pb、Cu、Sb,其中 Fe、Mn、Ni、Al、Co污染最为严重,样点超标率分别达88％、84％、70％、59％、53％.重金属污染指数HPI地区差异显著,全省平均值为576.62,是临界值的5.76倍,各地区整体污染状况从大到小为黔东南州、黔南州、黔西南州、安顺市、毕节市、遵义市、贵阳市、六盘水市.煤矿排水中化学非致癌物Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Al、Fe、Mn、Co、Sb的健康风险较小(均值3.66×10-10～3.63×10-7a-1),均低于美国EPA推荐最大可接受水平 1.0×10-6a-1;化学致癌物 Cr(3.90×10-4a-1)、As(3.71×10-5 a-1)和 Cd(6.82×10-6 a-1)的健康风险均较高,其中重金属Cr污染与黔西南地区As污染,应予以重视.     

印染废水污染控制投资和运行费用函数研究

通过国内外对各类费用函数运用的情况和分析,选定幂函数C=k1Qk2＋k3Qk2·ηk4,作为函数模型来反映印染废水处理厂流量、效率与费用之间的关系。以纯棉织物和棉涤混纺印染废水处理厂41组数据作为基础数据,运用最小二乘法求出幂函数中k1、k2、k3、k4,4个参数的最优值。选用软件1stOpt（First Optimization）来对数据进行运算、检验,分别得到了纯棉印染废水、化纤印染废水的投资费用函数C1、运行费用函数C2。结论：在一定效率下,投资费用随着处理厂规模的增大而增大,但是在处理单位水量时,投资费用却随着处理厂规模的增大而降低,并且一定效率下运行费用也随着处理厂规模的增大而降低,这说明建设大型印染废水处理厂更为经济。     

两次进水SBR法处理养猪场废水厌氧消化液

对于养猪场废水厌氧消化液的处理有很多不同方法,本试验结果表明,厌氧消化液经两次进水SBR处理后,出水CODcr、氨氮低于排放标准,但总磷达不到排放标准,在硫酸亚铁同步沉析及絮凝作用下,经两次进水SBR处理后,出水总磷小于8 mg/L,各项指标达到排放标准。     

溧阳市生态系统服务价值分析

生态系统服务价值是人类社会赖以生存的条件与效甩。从自然资本、经济资本和社会资本三方面构建了生态系统服务功能价值评估体系,并对溧阳市生态系统服务价值的构成及空间分布进行了分析,为溧阳区域规划与管理提供了依据。其结果表明：（1）溧阳市的生态系统服务功能总价值为464．29亿;（2）生态系统服务功能总价值从小到大的顺序为：园地〈牧草地〈交通用地〈居民点〈林地〈水域〈耕地〈工矿用地;（3）溧阳市各镇的自然价值呈明显的阶梯状分布：南渡、别桥、埭头、上黄4个镇〈平均值〈戴埠（其它镇,经济价值与社会价值的总和也呈明显的阶梯状分布：社渚、竹篑、别桥、南渡、埭头和上黄6个镇〈天目河和上兴〈澡城镇（开发区）。     

Competitive and cooperative adsorption of arsenate and citrate on goethite

The fate of arsenic in natural environments is influenced by adsorption onto metal (hydr)oxides. The extent of arsenic adsorption is strongly a ected by coexisting dissolved natural organic acids. Recently, some studies reported that there existed competitive adsorption between arsenate and citrate on goethite. Humic acid is known to interact strongly with arsenate by forming complexes in aqueous solution, hence it is necessary to undertake a comprehensive study of the adsorption of arsenate/citrate onto goethite in the presence of one another. The results showed that at the arsenate concentrations used in this study (0.006–0.27 mmol/L), citrate decreased arsenate adsorption at acidic pH but no e ect was observed at alkaline pH. In comparison, citrate adsorption was inhibited at acidic pH, but enhanced at alkaline pH by arsenate. This was probably due to the formation of complex between arsenate and citrate like the case of arsenate with humic acid. These results implied that the mechanism of the adsorption of arsenate and citrate onto goethite in the presence of one another involved not only competition for binding sites, but the cooperation between the two species at the watergoethite interface as well.     

基于网络分析的什邡市灾后产业结构调整研究

汶川大地震后什邡市已经进入了灾后重建的重要阶段。这次地震打乱了原有的产业结构体系,给什邡市的三次产业带来的损失是巨大的,因此灾后什邡市进行产业结构调整势在必行。基于网络分析的产业结构调整为产业结构优化升级提供了契机,使什邡市从核心企业的产业网络向循环经济模式的产业网络转变。     

农业减量化补偿方式的农户偏好及异质性——基于重庆357户农户的选择实验分析

合理的农业生态补偿方式应符合农户利益预期和意愿。基于重庆10区县357户农户的调查数据,采用选择实验法和随机参数Logit模型分析了农户参与农业减量化的补偿方式偏好及异质性。结果表明：①各种补偿方式均能显著提高农户农业减量化的参与效用;②农户平均偏好程度最高的是农资补偿和现金补偿,其次是技术补偿,最低的是政策补偿;③农户对不同补偿方式存在显著的偏好异质性,并且部分偏好异质性来源于决策者特征、家庭经营/生计特征和区域因素。建议继续通过生态补偿有效推进化肥农药减量施用,但补偿方式应该结合不同农户的偏好采取差异化设计。     

Fungal diversity and its mechanism of community shaping in the milieu of sanitary landfill

• Ascomycota was the predominant phylum in sanitary landfill fungal communities. • Saprophytic fungi may be of special importance in landfill ecology. • Both richness and diversity of fungal community were lower in leachate than refuse. • Physical habitat partly contributed to the geographic variance of fungal community. • NO₃⁻ was considered the most significant abiotic factor shaping fungal community. Land filling is the main method to dispose municipal solid waste in China. During the decomposition of organic waste in landfills, fungi play an important role in organic carbon degradation and nitrogen cycling. However, fungal composition and potential functions in landfill have not yet been characterized. In this study, refuse and leachate samples with different areas and depths were taken from a large sanitary landfill in Beijing to identify fungal communities in landfills. In high-throughput sequencing of ITS region, 474 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from landfill samples with a cutoff level of 3% and a sequencing depth of 19962. The results indicates that Ascomycota, with the average relative abundance of 84.9%, was the predominant phylum in landfill fungal communities. At the genus level, Family Hypocreaceae unclassified (15.7%), Fusarium (9.9%) and Aspergillus (8.3%) were the most abundant fungi found in the landfill and most of them are of saprotrophic lifestyle, which plays a big role in nutrient cycling in ecosystem. Fungi existed both in landfilled refuse and leachate while both the richness and evenness of fungal communities were higher in the former. In addition, fungal communities in landfilled refuse presented geographic variances, which could be partly attributed to physical habitat properties (pH, dissolved organic carbon, volatile solid, NH₄⁺, NO₂⁻ and NO₃⁻), while NO₃⁻ was considered the most significant factor (p<0.05) in shaping fungal community.