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71.
Holt RD  Huxel GR 《Ecology》2007,88(11):2706-2712
A rich body of theoretical literature now exists focused on the three-species module of intraguild predation (IGP), in which a top predator both attacks and competes with an intermediate predator. Simple models of intraguild predation are often unstable, either because one consumer is excluded, or because sustained oscillations emerge from long feedback loops. Yet, many natural IGP systems robustly persist. Standard models of intraguild predation simplify natural systems in crucial ways that could influence persistence; in particular, many empirical IGP systems are embedded in communities with alternative prey species. We briefly review the key conclusions of standard three-species IGP theory, and then present results of theoretical explorations of how alternative prey can influence the persistence and stability of a focal intraguild predation interaction.  相似文献   
72.
The Rarest of Darwin's Finches   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The Mangrove Finch (Cactospiza heliobates) is unique among Darwin's finches in its specialized habits and naturally fragmented distribution on individual islands. It has been reported to occupy six patches of mangroves separated to varying degrees on two of the Galápagos islands, Isabela and Fernandina. We present the results of a field study in three of the patches. The species appears to have become extinct on Fernandina and to be restricted now to a maximum of four habitat islands on Isabela. In one of them, Playa Tortuga Negra, we estimate the population of breeding adults to be 10–20 pairs. At another, west of Villamil, the population size is probably now small due to the cutting of mangroves. The other two populations, close to each other east of Punta Moreno, probably hold the largest demes. Their status is unknown. We estimate that the genetically effective size of the combined populations is 30–380 individuals. Because the populations are so small and restricted, they are vulnerable to any disturbance of the environment. This has probably been so throughout their history because they inhabit a fragmented habitat in a tectonically active region. New anthropogenic threats this century are an introduced wasp (Polistes versicolor), which may be a predator on a major food item (insect larvae) of the finches, and destruction of the habitat. Protection of the occupied habitat against human exploitation is required for the preservation of the species because no alternative habitat is known.  相似文献   
73.
Traditionally, sciaenid eggs have been identified based on morphological characteristics such as size, number of oil globules and/or pigmentation patterns. Identification of sciaenid eggs by these procedures is time consuming and often inaccurate due to considerable egg size overlap among species. The utilization of molecular techniques for the identification of economically important species has become a fundamental component in ecological studies involving fish eggs and larvae. This study reports the development of a series of both multiplex and individual polymerase chain reactions to identify the eggs of 11 sciaenid species commonly found in the Gulf of Mexico and estuaries near Port Aransas and Corpus Christi, TX, USA. Following method development, the discriminatory power of the assay was first determined with samples from adult fish collected from Aransas and Corpus Christi Bays, Galveston Bay and the lower Laguna Madre in northern Mexico. Most (97%) of these fishes were correctly identified to the level of species. To demonstrate the applicability of the assay, wild fish eggs were collected and analyzed from the Aransas Pass tidal inlet from September through December 2005. During this period, the eggs of four target species were positively identified which was in keeping with current knowledge regarding the spawning areas and seasons of these sciaenids based on the presence of mature females, eggs and/or larvae. Future use of this method can provide valuable information to better discriminate spawning sites and seasons of these species.  相似文献   
74.
Although individuals in many fish species move to shallow waters to spawn, the California grunion (Leuresthes tenuis) is almost unique in its constitutive display of synchronous full-emergence beach spawning. During a spawning event, fish ride large waves onshore to spawn on beach land, where their eggs incubate terrestrially. Here, we employ molecular markers to ascertain how this unusual reproductive behavior impacts genetic parentage. We developed and utilized four highly polymorphic microsatellite markers to assess maternal and paternal contributions in a total of 682 progeny from 17 nests of a natural population of L. tenuis. Alleles deduced to be of paternal origin in progeny were used to determine the minimum number of sires per nest and to estimate the true number of sires per nest via Bayesian analysis. We document the following: (a) no instances of multiple maternity for progeny within a nest; (b) a high frequency of nests (88%) with multiple paternity; and (c) an appreciable fraction of nests (18%) in which the estimated number of genetic sires (as many as nine) proved to be greater than the observed number of male attendants, thus implicating occasional extra-group fertilization events. From these and other observations, we also conclude that spawning behavior in grunions may involve site choice but not explicit mate choice. In addition to providing the first analysis of molecular parentage in a beach-spawning fish, we compare our findings to those reported previously for a beach-spawning arthropod, and we discuss the forces that may be maintaining this peculiar reproductive behavior.  相似文献   
75.
A concentration as low as 1 microM lead (Pb) is highly toxic to plants, but previous studies have typically related plant growth to the total amount of Pb added to a solution. In the present experiment, the relative fresh mass of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) was reduced by 10% at a Pb2+ activity of 0.2 microM for the shoots and at a Pb2+ activity of 0.06 microM for the roots. The primary site of Pb2+ toxicity was the root, causing severe reductions in root growth, loss of apical dominance (shown by an increase in branching per unit root length), the formation of localized swellings behind the root tips (due to the initiation of lateral roots), and the bending of some root tips. In the root, Pb was found to accumulate primarily within the cell walls and intercellular spaces.  相似文献   
76.
    
ABSTRACT: This paper reports on new methods of linking climate change scenarios with hydrologic, agricultural an water planning models to study future water availability for agriculture, an essential element of sustainability. The study is based on the integration of models of water supply and demand, and of crop growth and irrigation management. Consistent modeling assumptions, available databases, and scenario simulations are used to capture a range of possible future conditions. The linked models include WATBAL for water supply; CERES, SOYGRO, and CROPWAT for crop and irrigation modeling; and WEAP for water demand forecasting, planning and evaluation. These models are applied to the U.S. Cornbelt using forecasts of climate change, agricultural production, population and GDP growth. Results suggest that, at least in the near term, the relative abundance of water for agriculture can be maintained under climate change conditions. However, increased water demands from urban growth, increases in reservoir evaporation and increases in crop consumptive use must be accommodated by timely improvements in crop, irrigation and drainage technology, water management, and institutions. These improvements are likely to require substantial resources and expertise. In the highly irrigated basins of the region, irrigation demand greatly exceeds industrial and municipal demands. When improvements in irrigation efficiency are tested, these basins respond by reducing demand and lessening environmental stress with an improvement in system reliability, effects particularly evident under a high technology scenario. Rain-fed lands in the Cornbelt are not forced to invest in irrigation, but there is some concern about increased water-logging during the spring and consequent required increased investment in agricultural drainage. One major water region in the Cornbelt also provides a useful caveat: change will not necessarily be continuous and monotonic. Under one GCM scenario for the 2010s, the region shows a significant decrease in system reliability, while the scenario for the 2020s shows an increase.  相似文献   
77.
    
ABSTRACT: There is growing interest in managing water demand in the UK. A series of waste minimization clubs have been set up within the country and this paper identifies the effectiveness of these clubs in reducing the demand for water within industry. Membership of these clubs is voluntary and the only incentive for industry to reduce water consumption, and consequently the production of effluent, is the almost immediate financial saving made by the company, often achieved by accounting for the water consumption and loss within site from the point of input from the water supplier to output in the form of effluent. On average, companies are able to reduce water consumption by up to 30 percent. If the entire industrial sector within the UK were to achieve this degree of savings, it is possible that approximately 1300Ml/d could be saved.  相似文献   
78.
79.
    
This paper identifies and explores the options available to scholars in the green business and sustainability disciplines to disseminate their research. It provides a ‘snapshot’ of a range of journals pertinent to scholars in the green business, environmental management, clean technology, sustainability, environmental policy, practice and law fields. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment  相似文献   
80.
In many biological risk assessment problems and specifically those involving invasive alien species and quarantine pests, ordinal scoring systems are used as a basis for risk quantification. Frequently, the problem is disaggregated into a series of components to allow a more structured and systematic evaluation. Each component is then scored and an overall measure of risk calculated from the set of scores. No satisfactory method exists to compute an overall measure of risk and most practitioners have resorted to score-averaging. Here we describe an approach involving the linear mapping of scores to notional probabilities to allow the use of conditional probability to derive an overall measure. Initial results give better discrimination between high and low risk cases and closer correspondence with independent expert judgement than does score-averaging.  相似文献   
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