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101.
102.
Mamadou Fall Hasnaà Haddouk Stéphane Loriot Amadou Diouf Frédéric Dionnet Roy Forster 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(10):1971-1981
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential mutagenic activity of diesel engine exhaust in the Ames/Salmonella assay using a direct aerosol exposure system. So, TA 98 and TA 100 strains, with or without added S9 mix, were exposed to diesel emissions after varying degrees of filtration. Variants of these two strains, deficient in nitroreductase (TA 98NR and TA 100NR) or over-expressing O-Acetyl Transferase (YG 1024 and YG 1029), were also exposed to total (unfiltered) diesel exhaust to highlight the putative mutagenicity of any nitro-PAHs present in these emissions. Mutagenic activity of the diesel exhaust was demonstrated on Salmonella typhimurium, strains TA 100 and variants TA 100 NR and YG1029. The use of a particle filter did not modify the genotoxicity of the diesel emissions, indicating a major contribution of the gas phase to the mutagenicity of these diesel emissions. The prominent role of the particulate-associated nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) claimed by some authors working on diesel exhaust organic extracts was not confirmed by our results with native diesel exhaust exposure. Our results show that the gas phase is potentially more mutagenic than the particles alone. 相似文献
103.
Flubendiamide, a comparatively new insecticide, is used against lepidopteran insect pests and presumed safe for non-target Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster). In this study, treatment concentrations (0.5, 1, 2 5, 10, and 20 μg/ml) of flubendiamide, lower than agricultural concentrations (rice 50μg/ml or cotton 100 μg/ml), were able to inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity in third instar larvae of D. melanogaster indicating a neurotoxic potential. In addition, larvae exposed to flubendiamide also manifested increased amounts of stress protein hsp70. The larvae expressing such stress response when allowed to emerge as adults displayed severe eye structure deformities found by scanning electron microscopy. These findings indicate a toxic potential for flubendiamide in D. melanogaster. 相似文献
104.
We characterized the structure and functioning of the food web associated to an intertidal rocky shore in the harbour of Brest
(Western Brittany, France), through a seasonal δ13C and δ15N survey. The dominance of benthic-derived organic matter, and particularly resuspended sediment, in the local pool of suspended
organic matter, is highlighted. This benthic-derived organic matter dominates the diet of filter-feeders, including a certain
degree of selectivity displayed by various taxa belonging to this trophic group. The food web structure appeared very stable
temporally, which suggested the dominance of mixed diets, rather than the consumption of pure sources. It was constituted
of 4 trophic levels, including a large diversity of predators, likely favoured by the diversity of microhabitats that characterize
this intertidal habitat. From our results, the trophic functioning of this peri-urban rocky shore community does not appear
functionally simplified as previously reported for other anthropized and/or artificial rocky ecosystems. We suggest that the
topological complexity of rocky habitats, including a diversity of microhabitats, might be responsible of the important animal
diversity, in spite of the anthropogenic disturbances characterizing this peri-urban area. 相似文献
105.
Pawel Kosinski Roy Nyheim Vijayshankar Asokan Trygve Skjold 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2013,26(1):45-51
Explosions of hybrid mixtures, i.e. mixtures containing more than one combustible phase, are not well understood. Most studies in this area involve mixtures of common dusts and gases, such as coal and methane, or polyethylene and ethylene. The present work focuses on explosions of carbon black particles, i.e. almost pure carbon with a very low content of volatiles: this makes the process of explosion less intense. However, addition of some quantities of combustible gases (here: propane) may sustain combustion processes. Another important issue is the fact that the carbon black particles are smaller in size than most dusts encountered in the process industry. The experiments were carried out in a 20-L explosion vessel and the analysis of the results focuses on the maximum explosion pressures and the maximum rates of pressure rise as a function of carbon black and propane concentrations. In addition, some samples of unburnt dust were collected and analysed with a scanning electron microscope and with thermo-gravimetric analysis. 相似文献
106.
Pasqualini V Oberti P Vigetta S Riffard O Panaïotis C Cannac M Ferrat L 《Environmental management》2011,48(1):38-56
Forest management can benefit from decision support tools, including GIS-based multicriteria decision-aiding approach. In
the Mediterranean region, Pinus pinaster forests play a very important role in biodiversity conservation and offer many socioeconomic benefits. However, the conservation
of this species is affected by the increase in forest fires and the expansion of Matsucoccus feytaudi. This paper proposes a methodology based on commonly available data for assessing the values and risks of P. pinaster forests and to generating maps to aid in decisions pertaining to fire and phytosanitary risk management. The criteria for
assessing the values (land cover type, legislative tools for biodiversity conservation, environmental tourist sites and access
routes, and timber yield) and the risks (fire and phytosanitation) of P. pinaster forests were obtained directly or by considering specific indicators, and they were subsequently aggregated by means of GIS-based
multicriteria analysis. This approach was tested on the island of Corsica (France), and maps to aid in decisions pertaining
to fire risk and phytosanitary risk (M. feytaudi) were obtained for P. pinaster forest management. Study results are used by the technical offices of the local administration—Corsican Agricultural and Rural Development Agency (ODARC)—for planning the conservation of P. pinaster forests with regard to fire prevention and safety and phytosanitary risks. The decision maker took part in the evaluation
criteria study (weight, normalization, and classification of the values). Most suitable locations are given to target the
public intervention. The methodology presented in this paper could be applied to other species and in other Mediterranean
regions. 相似文献
107.
The assessment of relevant spatial scales at which ecological processes occur is of special importance for a thorough understanding
of ecosystem functioning. In coastal ecosystems, the variability of trophic interactions has been studied at different spatial
scales, but never at scales from centimetres to metres. In the present study, we investigated the link between habitat structure
and small-scale variability of food web functioning on intertidal boulder field ecosystems. Two microhabitats, boulder-top
and boulder-bottom, were considered, and the trophic ecology of invertebrate consumers was studied using stable isotope tracers.
We found for two of the main suspension feeders of northern Atlantic rocky shores (the sponges Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon sanguinea) consistent 15N enrichment for individuals sampled under boulders, suggesting that these consumers relied on different trophic resource
according to the microhabitat inhabited, at a centimetre scale. The high δ15N signatures found underneath boulders suggested higher use of highly decomposed organic matter in this microhabitat. The
isotopic difference between the two microhabitats decreased in higher trophic level consumers, which likely foraged at a spatial
scale including both microhabitats. Finally, our results reveal that in highly heterogeneous habitats such as boulder fields,
trophic interactions are likely to vary strongly in space, which should be considered in future researches. The link between
habitat physical structure and food web variability might also contribute to the high biological diversity characterizing
heterogeneous ecosystems. 相似文献
108.
Becky L. Williams Vanessa Lovenburg Christine L. Huffard Roy L. Caldwell 《Chemoecology》2011,21(3):131-141
Some pelagic marine larvae possess anti-predator chemical defenses. Occasionally, toxic adults imbue their young with their
own defensive cocktails. We examined paralarvae of the greater blue-ringed octopus (Hapalochlaena lunulata) for the deadly neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX), and if present, whether TTX conferred protection to individual paralarvae.
Paralarvae of H. lunulata possessed 150 ± 17 ng TTX each. These paralarvae appeared distasteful to a variety of fish and stomatopod predators, yet
food items spiked with 200 ng TTX were readily consumed by predators. We conclude that TTX alone does not confer individual
protection to paralarvae of H. lunulata, and that they possess an alternative defense. In larger doses, tetrodotoxin is a deterrent to the predatory stomatopod Haptosquilla trispinosa (mean dose = 3.97 μg/g). This corresponds to 12–13 paralarvae per predator based on the TTX levels of the clutch we examined.
Thus, the basic assumption that individual paralarvae of H. lunulata are defended by TTX alone was disproved. Instead, functionality of TTX levels in paralarvae may arise through alternative
selective pathways, such as deterrence to parasites, through kin selection, or against predator species not tested here. 相似文献
109.
Detournay A Sauvage S Locoge N Gaudion V Leonardis T Fronval I Kaluzny P Galloo JC 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(4):983-990
Studies have shown that biogenic compounds, long chain secondary compounds and long lifetime anthropogenic compounds are involved in the formation of organic aerosols in both polluted areas and remote places. This work aims at developing an active sampling method to monitor these compounds (i.e. 6 straight-chain saturated aldehydes from C6 to C11; 8 straight-chain alkanes from C9 to C16; 6 monoterpenes: α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene, limonene, α-terpinene, & γ-terpinene; and 5 aromatic compounds: toluene, ethylbenzene, meta-, para- and ortho-xylenes) in remote areas. Samples are collected onto multi-bed sorbent cartridges at 200 mL min(-1) flow rate, using the automatic sampler SyPAC (TERA-Environnement, Crolles, France). No breakthrough was observed for sampling volumes up to 120 L (standard mixture at ambient temperature, with a relative humidity of 75%). As ozone has been shown to alter the samples (losses of 90% of aldehydes and up to 95% of terpenes were observed), the addition of a conditioned manganese dioxide (MnO(2)) scrubber to the system has been validated (full recovery of the affected compounds for a standard mixture at 50% relative humidity--RH). Samples are first thermodesorbed and then analysed by GC/FID/MS. This method allows suitable detection limits (from 2 ppt for camphene to 13 ppt for octanal--36 L sampled), and reproducibility (from 1% for toluene to 22% for heptanal). It has been successfully used to determine the diurnal variation of the target compounds (six 3 h samples a day) during winter and summer measurement campaigns at a remote site in the south of France. 相似文献
110.
Summary. Although terrestrial turtles have served as a model for studies of olfactory neurophysiology, little is known about how they
use chemical information in an ecological sense. We tested whether box turtles (Terrapene carolina) use chemical information to distinguish between predatory and nonpredatory mammals. Box turtles in our study exhibited more
escape behavior when exposed to urine from a predator (coyote, Canis latrans) than when exposed to urine from a nonpredator (white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus) or a blank control. Escape behavior is consistent with an antipredator response. In addition, the turtles decreased their
handling time for food when in the presence of urine from either species of mammal in comparison to the blank, indicating
that chemical cues from mammals in general may result in increased vigilance by terrestrial turtles. Examination of a variety
of response variables may be important for adequate assessment of the ecological role of chemosensory behavior. 相似文献