信息社会中的城市环境保护问题

在信息社会，城市将面临自然环境和信息环境的双重环境保护问题，自然环境的污染包括电磁污染，废旧光盘污染、高科技型污染等；信息环境的污染主要包括信息病毒和信息垃圾。与自然环境污染相比，信息环境的污染有其身特点，这些特点决定着信息环境与自然环境保护的不同，应引起有关方面的重视。     

中国工业废水排放格局及其驱动因素

基于2005~2015年中国31个省（市、自治区）的环境统计数据,运用GIS空间分析方法和SARAR计量模型系统刻画了工业废水排放的时空格局演变与空间集聚特征,并进一步揭示其驱动因素及区域差异性。结果表明：（1）研究时段内,工业废水排放逐年减少,但废水排放总量不断上升,表明中国废水排放主导源已经发生替变;（2）中国工业废水排放量总体呈现“东南高、西北低”的省际格局特征,胡焕庸线可看作工业废水排放“热区”与“冷区”的分界线;（3）中国工业废水排放表现出明显的空间集聚特征,集聚趋势逐年加强;（4）SARAR模型估计结果显示,城镇化推进、第二产业发展、人口增长依次是中国工业废水排放的主要驱动因素。与全国相比,热区的SARAR模型估计结果与上述结论基本一致,但各驱动因素的影响效应略有不同     

宝鸡市主要农作物冰雹灾害风险评估

冰雹灾害是宝鸡市面临的主要农业气象灾害之一,采用宝鸡市2016年的Landsat TM遥感影像,经过遥感解译得到宝鸡市主要农作物的空间分布图。根据宝鸡市1961 — 2016年55 a的降雹记录和防雹炮点分布资料,计算得到区域降雹强度、降雹频次和防雹能力值,以灾损数据确定主要农作物的承灾体敏感性指数。基于致灾因子危险性、承灾体暴露度及脆弱性三要素,采用综合评价法和自然间断分类法得出宝鸡市主要农作物的冰雹灾害风险分布图。结果表明:宝鸡市主要农作物的冰雹灾害风险等级以中级风险为主,占全部风险等级的43.5%,主要分布于千阳、凤县、岐山、扶风等地;次高风险区占25.2%,主要分布在陈仓及扶风;次低风险区占18.7%,分布于金台、眉县及太白零星散区;高风险区占9.8%,全部集中于陇县和麟游;低风险区占比最少,为2.8%,零星分布于凤县和扶风。应加强对冰雹灾害高风险区的防爆能力建设,调整防雹点分布和作物种植。     

北京市交通拥堵的社会成本分析

本文旨在评估北京市交通拥堵导致的社会成本,为交通资源使用定价和交通政策的制定提供依据.借鉴国际通用的交通成本核算方法,利用北京大学环境科学与工程学院环境经济学小组2007-2008年对北京市二、三、四环路和典型拥堵路段交通状况实地监测获取的车流量和车速数据,估算拥堵的社会成本,并分析了北京奥运会交通限行政策拥堵缓解效果和社会成本节约.结果表明,北京市2008年全年因拥堵导致的时间延误成本、燃油消耗成本和大气污染物排放损害总和至少约为50-250亿元,大致是北京市GDP的O.5%-2.5%.与2007年相比,2008年北京市道路拥堵状况总体上有所缓解,道路改造和以地铁为代表的公共交通建设发挥了重要作用.2007年"好运北京"和2008年奥运各阶段交通限行措施效果显著,时间延误成本减少40%-50%,燃油消耗和污染物排放也大幅降低.鉴于道路拥堵导致的大量社会损失,北京市政府应进一步强化研究和制定有效的交通管理政策,特别是着眼于长期有效的公共交通系统建设.     

Effect of Increase in Price of Oil on Behavior of Private Car Owners in Beijing

In order to understand the short-term response of private car owners to changes in the price of oil, a survey was conducted in Beijing after the gasoline price in China rose in June 2008. It showed that private car drivers in Beijing reduced their trips in the one month period following the price adjustment. Certain trip characteristics and drivers' demographics significantly influenced price elasticity in the short term, including the purpose of the trip, the distance covered and the income of the car driver.     

岷江上游生态脆弱性的模糊评价

岷江上游是四川省乃至我国西南的重要生态屏障，但由于自然条件和人为活动的影响，该区域已成为典型的生态脆弱区。选取了反映该地区生态脆弱性的14个代表性指标，根据四川省和全国的对比结果拟定了相应的分级和评价标准，并采用模糊综合评价法对其生态脆弱度进行了评价，得出了该区域处于高度脆弱状态的结果，加强岷江上游生态脆弱区的整治势在必行。     

Field test of best management practice pollutant removal efficiencies in Shenzhen, China

This paper presents a study on the use of best management practices (BMPs) for controlling nonpoint pollution in the Xikeng Reservoir watershed located in Shenzhen, China. A BMP treatment train design, including a pond, a wetland, and a buffer strip placed in series was implemented at the reservoir location. A separate grass swale was also constructed at the site. Low impact development (LID) BMPs, namely a planter box and bioboxes, were used at the parking lot of the reservoir’s Administration Building. Samples were collected during storm events and were analyzed for total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃—N), and total phosphorus (TP). The removal efficiencies of both BMP systems were evaluated using the Efficiency Ratio (ER) method based on the event mean concentration (EMC) data. In summary, the pond/wetland treatment train removed 70%―90% of TSS, 20%―50% of BOD₅, and 30%―70% of TP and NH₃—N. The swale removed 50%―90% of TSS, 30%―55% of BOD₅, −10%―35% of NH₃—N, and 25%―70% of TP. For the planter box and biobox, the ranges of removal rates were 70%―90%, 20%―50%, and 30%―70% for TSS, BOD₅, and ammonia and phosphorus, respectively.     

一株金霉素降解新菌株的分离鉴定及降解条件优化

四环素类抗生素在畜牧业中的广泛应用对人类和动物具有潜在的危害。以金霉素制药厂污泥为原料,从中分离出一株能够高效降解金霉素的纯菌株,命名为ZL-1。经形态学观察、革兰氏染色和16S rDNA鉴定,表明该菌株属于革兰氏阴性菌、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter sp.）。通过正交试验研究了碳源、温度、pH、初始金霉素浓度、接种量对菌株ZL-1降解金霉素效果的影响。结果表明,温度、接种量和初始金霉素浓度对该菌株降解金霉素的影响较大。以正交试验的结果为依据,采用响应面法优化该菌株对金霉素的降解条件,确定了最优条件为金霉素初始浓度134.864 mg/L,温度34.409 ℃,接种量5.223%（体积比）。在最佳降解条件下,金霉素的实际降解率为93.70%,预测降解率为93.723%,表明预测模型的预测值与实际的降解效果较贴合。

     

Optimization of wastewater treatment alternative selection by hierarchy grey relational analysis

This paper describes an innovative systematic approach, namely hierarchy grey relational analysis for optimal selection of wastewater treatment alternatives, based on the application of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and grey relational analysis (GRA). It can be applied for complicated multicriteria decision-making to obtain scientific and reasonable results. The effectiveness of this approach was verified through a real case study. Four wastewater treatment alternatives (A(2)/O, triple oxidation ditch, anaerobic single oxidation ditch and SBR) were evaluated and compared against multiple economic, technical and administrative performance criteria, including capital cost, operation and maintenance (O and M) cost, land area, removal of nitrogenous and phosphorous pollutants, sludge disposal effect, stability of plant operation, maturity of technology and professional skills required for O and M. The result illustrated that the anaerobic single oxidation ditch was the optimal scheme and would obtain the maximum general benefits for the wastewater treatment plant to be constructed.