《废锂离子动力蓄电池处理污染控制技术规范(试行)》(HJ 1186-2021)解读及实施建议

为促进相关单位准确理解《废锂离子动力蓄电池处理污染控制技术规范(试行)》(HJ 1186-2021)各条款,推动废锂离子动力蓄电池处理行业全面执行环境管理技术要求,结合行业典型工艺路线、特征污染物排放和环境污染防治措施现状,对新发布的技术规范进行了解读。技术规范的实施将推动废锂离子动力电池处理行业开展技术改造,进一步提高重金属、氟化物等污染防治水平,以促进中国废锂离子动力蓄电池处理行业绿色发展。     

游离态氨基酸对羊角月牙藻的生物有效性

采用实验室模拟培养试验,以6种个体氨基酸——丝氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸和精氨酸为唯一氮源,采用一次性培养的方法,在无菌条件下,研究羊角月牙藻对不同种类个体氨基酸和不同浓度混合氨基酸的利用潜能。结果表明:藻细胞在生长过程中会释放氨基酸增加水体中氨基酸浓度,同时,藻类可迅速并直接利用多种游离态氨基酸快速生长。氨基酸浓度在培养周期的前2天减少90%以上,藻细胞数在第6~8天达到最大,说明藻细胞的生长滞后于游离氨基酸浓度的下降;在个体氨基酸试验中,藻细胞对氨基酸的利用程度为精氨酸>丙氨酸>谷氨酸>天门冬氨酸>丝氨酸>甘氨酸;在混合氨基酸试验中,藻细胞的比增殖速率明显高于个体氨基酸试验组,且随混合氨基酸浓度的增加,最大藻细胞生物量增加;羊角月牙藻在利用个体氨基酸的同时也会释放其他种类的氨基酸,其中,天冬氨酸和甘氨酸的释放浓度最大。羊角月牙藻在无机氮缺乏情况下,能迅速利用氨基酸。     

公交车燃用B5生物柴油的非常规污染物排放特性及对区域大气污染物减排的作用

为推行区域大气污染联合防治并推广使用B5生物柴油,基于重型底盘测功机,采用C-WTVC循环,对比研究满足国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ排放标准的柴油公交车分别燃用国Ⅴ柴油、京Ⅵ柴油和B5生物柴油时的非常规污染物排放特性。结果表明：相比京Ⅵ柴油在采用B5生物柴油后,在不同耐久里程下的所有样车整体上的1,3-C4H6排放因子平均降低20.53%;C6H6排放因子平均降低7.67%;C7H8排放因子平均降低11.22%;HCHO排放因子平均降低14.92%;SO2排放因子平均降低6.09%。实验证明城市公交车在燃用B5生物柴油后的非常规污染物排放均降低。城市公交车推广使用B5生物柴油可有效净化大气质量,对区域大气污染物减排有着重要意义。     

AC/PTFE微生物燃料电池阴极去除罗丹明B及同步产电性能

采用辊压成型法制备了活性炭（AC）/聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）质量比分别为6、5和3的AC/PTFE 电极,并利用SEM对电极表面进行表征。结果表明,随着质量比的降低电极表面活性炭颗粒间的连接更为紧密。以制得的AC/PTFE电极,碳毡分别为微生物燃料电池（MFC）的阴极、阳极,利用AC/PTFE阴极在曝气条件下产生的过氧化氢在阴极处理模拟的罗丹明B废水。研究了不同质量比AC/PTFE阴极对罗丹明B的去除效果及同步产电情况,结果表明以AC/PTFE质量比为6的AC/PTFE阴极在96 h内对罗丹明B的去除率达到96%,MFC获得的最大功率密度为105 mW·m-2;同时研究了在阴极液加入0.2 g·L-1 Fe2+的条件下,阴极液为不同pH值时,阴极对罗丹明B的去除效果及MFC产电情况。结果表明在阴极液pH= 3的情况下,罗丹明B的去除率在36 h内达到了98.9%,MFC的最大功率密度达到210 mW·m-2,罗丹明B的去除速率及MFC能量的输出得到了明显提高。     

短程硝化反硝化工艺处理低C/N餐厨废水

针对餐厨废水的水质特点,提出低C/N下的短程硝化反硝化餐厨废水处理组合工艺。通过控制微氧区、好氧区DO分别为0.5 mg/L和2.5 mg/L;硝化液,微氧区混合液和污泥回流比分别为200%、100%和100%,可以实现NO2--N累积率达到90%以上,COD、氨氮平均去除率为73.42%和98.57%。较低的C/N使得反硝化效果不佳,对反应器进水补充适量的甲醇作为碳源,在COD/TN约为4的情况下,以NO2--N为主的反硝化可以使反应器对TN的去除率达到94%,出水各项指标符合相关排放标准,实现了餐厨废水高效和经济的生物脱氮。     

以聚己内酯作为生物反硝化固体碳源的研究

为解决水体因低碳氮比而导致脱氮效率差的问题,将颗粒聚己内酯(PCL)重新塑形为阶梯环状,研究其作为反硝化过程的生物膜载体与固相碳源的反硝化性能。结果表明,在静态实验中,平均反硝化速率为8.57 mg NO3-N/(L·h);反硝化过程为零级反应。连续填充床实验中,超过90%的硝酸盐可被去除,出水NO2-N质量浓度低于0.20 mg/L;出水NH3-N质量浓度略有上升;出水溶解性有机碳(DOC)先上升后降低至1 mg/L左右。电子扫描显微镜扫描显示,PCL阶梯环反应表面空隙率较高,表面生物膜以杆菌为主,反应后被明显腐蚀;液相色谱检测显示PCL阶梯环分子量反应前后略有下降,其结构未受到破坏;表明该材料适合作为反硝化反应的碳源的同时,又可以作为载体供微生物附着生长。     

How aerosol direct effects influence the source contributions to PM2.5 concentrations over Southern Hebei,China in severe winter haze episodes

The aerosol direct effects result in a 3%–9% increase in PM_2.5 concentrations over Southern Hebei. These impacts are substantially different under different PM_2.5 loadings. Industrial and domestic contributions will be underestimated if ignoring the feedbacks. Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area is the most air polluted region in China and the three neighborhood southern Hebei cities, Shijiazhuang, Xingtai, and Handan, are listed in the top ten polluted cities with severe PM_2.5 pollution. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impacts of aerosol direct effects on air quality over the southern Hebei cities, as well as the impacts when considering those effects on source apportionment using three dimensional air quality models. The WRF/Chem model was applied over the East Asia and northern China at 36 and 12 km horizontal grid resolutions, respectively, for the period of January 2013, with two sets of simulations with or without aerosol-meteorology feedbacks. The source contributions of power plants, industrial, domestic, transportation, and agriculture are evaluated using the Brute-Force Method (BFM) under the two simulation configurations. Our results indicate that, although the increases in PM_2.5 concentrations due to those effects over the three southern Hebei cities are only 3%–9% on montly average, they are much more significant under high PM_2.5 loadings (~50 μg·m⁻³ when PM_2.5 concentrations are higher than 400 μg m⁻³). When considering the aerosol feedbacks, the contributions of industrial and domestic sources assessed using the BFM will obviously increase (e.g., from 30%–34% to 32%–37% for industrial), especially under high PM_2.5 loadings (e.g., from 36%–44% to 43%–47% for domestic when PM_2.5>400 μg·m⁻³). Our results imply that the aerosol direct effects should not be ignored during severe pollution episodes, especially in short-term source apportionment using the BFM.     

PAC-chitosan复合絮凝剂中铝形态

以不同碱化度(B)的聚合氯化铝(PAC)和不同粘度的壳聚糖为原料制备出一系列PAC-chitosan复合絮凝剂。采用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法研究了PAC-chitosan复合絮凝剂中铝的形态分布,探讨了PAC的B值、壳聚糖的含量（C）和粘度（η）对复合絮凝剂中铝的形态分布的影响。结果表明：壳聚糖与PAC之间发生了一定的相互作用,通过试验结果推断出当B=1.5,壳聚糖粘度η=800 Pa·s,C=0.6 mg/mL絮凝效果最佳。并用某造纸废水进行了烧杯絮凝试验。絮凝试验结果与推断结果相一致。     

Microbial flocculant and its application in environmental protection

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Effects of an iron-silicon material,a synthetic zeolite and an alkaline clay on vegetable uptake of As and Cd from a polluted agricultural soil and proposed remediation mechanisms

Economic and highly effective methods of in situ remediation of Cd and As polluted farmland in mining areas are urgently needed. Pot experiments with Brassica chinensis L. were carried out to determine the effects of three soil amendments [a novel iron-silicon material (ISM), a synthetic zeolite (SZ) and an alkaline clay (AC)] on vegetable uptake of As and Cd. SEM–EDS and XRD analyses were used to investigate the remediation mechanisms involved. Amendment with ISM significantly reduced the concentrations of As and Cd in edible parts of B. chinensis (by 84–94 % and 38–87 %, respectively), to levels that met food safety regulations and was much lower than those achieved by SZ and AC. ISM also significantly increased fresh biomass by 169–1412 % and 436–731 % in two consecutive growing seasons, while SZ and AC did not significantly affect vegetable growth. Correlation analysis suggested that it was the mitigating effects of ISM on soil acidity and on As and Cd toxicity, rather than nutrient amelioration, that contributed to the improvement in plant growth. SEM–EDS analysis showed that ISM contained far more Ca, Fe and Mn than did SZ or AC, and XRD analysis showed that in the ISM these elements were primarily in the form of silicates, oxides and phosphates that had high capacities for chemisorption of metal(loid)s. After incubation with solutions containing 800 mg L^?1 AsO₄ ^2? or Cd²⁺, ISM bound distinctly higher levels of As (6.18 % in relative mass percent by EDS analysis) and Cd (7.21 % in relative mass percent by EDS analysis) compared to SZ and AC. XRD analysis also showed that ISM facilitated the precipitation of Cd²⁺ as silicates, phosphates and hydroxides, and that arsenate combined with Fe, Al, Ca and Mg to form insoluble arsenate compounds. These precipitation mechanisms were much more active in ISM than in SZ or AC. Due to the greater pH elevation caused by the abundant calcium silicate, chemisorption and precipitation mechanisms in ISM treatments could be further enhanced. That heavy metal(loid)s fixation mechanisms of ISM ensure the remediation more irreversible and more resilient to environmental changes. With appropriate application rate and proper nutrients supplement, the readily available and economic ISM is a very promising amendment for safe crop production on multi-metal(loids) polluted soils.