沼液养殖钝顶螺旋藻的中试研究

在室外中试规模的跑道池中,使用混凝沉淀处理后的沼液养殖高耐污钝顶螺旋藻,研究了螺旋藻的生长情况以及沼液中氮磷的去除情况,计算了沼液中氮磷向螺旋藻体的转化效率.在此基础上,结合小试研究,分析总结了使用沼液室外规模化养殖螺旋藻过程中存在的问题和对策.以12 d为一个培养周期,总共进行了6批次培养试验,其中3批次培养的螺旋藻浓度能够达到采收要求(D560>0.8);而另外3批次未能收获螺旋藻.成功的3个养殖批次中,螺旋藻采收后沼液中COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷分别减少了28.6%~48.5%、30.4%~48.5%、41.8%~48.6%、14.3%~94.5%;其中去除的总氮和总磷向螺旋藻细胞的转化率分别为12.1%~98.5%和21.2%~83.7%.沼液中的高浓度氨氮以及残存虫卵孵化产生的虫害是导致另外3批次培养螺旋藻生长缓慢的主要因素,使用生物处理技术降低沼液中氨氮含量、使用膜过滤技术去除沼液中虫卵对于稳定获得高产率的螺旋藻非常必要.     

白银天然沸石对磷的吸附机理及性能研究

为探明天然沸石对磷的吸附机理,首先利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、X荧光分析等对甘肃白银产天然沸石进行了表征,然后通过静态实验探讨了吸附时间、磷初始浓度、pH值等因素对沸石除磷性能的影响.研究结果表明：沸石对水溶液中磷的吸附动力学过程符合Pseudo second-order模型;Freudlich和Langmuir模型均可较好地描述沸石对磷的吸附特征;沸石对磷的吸附量随pH值增大而明显减小.     

Fenton氧化去除制药企业活性污泥中AOX的效果研究

用Fenton氧化处理合成制药企业活性污泥混合液,考察了不同Fe~(2+)、H_2O_2投加量和不同反应时间下污泥与上清液中AOX(可吸附有机卤代物)的去除效果,优化了反应条件,探讨了氧化机制.结果表明,Fenton氧化的最佳条件为H_2O_2投加量0.90 mol·L~(-1),Fe~(2+)投加量0.045 mol·L~(-1)[物质的量比为:n(Fe~(2+))∶n(H_2O_2)=1∶20],反应2 h,污泥和上清液中AOX可分别去除70.7%和78.5%.GC-MS分析结果显示,污泥中含有11种有机卤代物,Fenton氧化后有8种不再检出;3种仍有检出,但浓度有所降低,去除率约为40%~50%.与此同时,污泥中对二甲苯、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯等非有机卤代物类有毒有害有机物也得到有效去除.     

低温条件IASBR处理养猪沼液脱氮性能研究

以实际养猪沼液为研究对象,考察分步进水间歇曝气序批式生物反应器(IASBR)在低温条件下的脱氮性能.结果表明:IASBR反应器的硝化性能临界水温为10℃,水温低于10℃时硝化性能急剧下降,水温10℃以上时氨氮去除率达到90%以上,且水温15℃以上氨氮负荷极限可达到0.30 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1);低碳氮比(COD/TN)1.7±0.3条件下,反硝化性能临界水温为20℃,20℃以上时TN去除率可保持在80%以上,最高达90%,20℃以下时脱氮效率明显降低,出现亚硝态氮积累现象.此外,IASBR反应器脱氮除磷效率高,温度对TOC和TP去除率的影响不敏感.不排泥条件下,进水COD/TN为3.1±0.4时,TN去除率高达90%以上,TOC和TP去除率分别高达83.6%±3.9%和58.5%±17.8%;随后COD/TN降低至1.7±0.3后,TN去除率仍高达80%以上,TOC和TP去除率仅略有降低分别为77.3%±4.6%、53.1%±10.1%.     

TiO2/g-C3N4在泡沫陶瓷表面的负载及光催化空气净化性能增强

以市售P25(TiO_2)和g-C_3N_4为原料,以多孔氧化铝泡沫陶瓷为载体,进行了负载型光催化组件的设计与环境应用.运用浸渍提拉-热处理法制备负载P25/g-C_3N_4的泡沫陶瓷组件,对其微结构进行了表征测试,并将其应用于空气中NO的去除.结果表明,P25/g-C_3N_4在氧化铝泡沫陶瓷表面负载牢固,P25/g-C_3N_4禁带结构匹配有利于光生电荷的分离.研究了P25/g-C_3N_4比例对光催化性能的影响,当g-C_3N_4占P25的量为30%时,负载组件的光催化性能最佳,对NO的去除率达到79.6%.在5次循环反应后,负载型光催化剂表现出良好的稳定性.本研究为P25/g-C_3N_4复合光催化剂的空气净化应用提供了思路和技术基础.     

覆膜与降雨类型对土壤水分及NO3--N淋失的影响

在丹江口库区青塘河五龙池小流域,以黄棕壤横垄种植玉米为例,设置覆膜与无覆膜两种处理,采用田间小区实验研究覆膜与降雨类型对0~30 cm土壤水分和NO-3-N淋失的影响.结果表明:两处理土壤含水量均随土层加深而增加,与无覆膜相比覆膜可降低0~10、10~20、20~30cm土层中的含水量.不同降雨类型对覆膜土壤含水量的影响有区别,小雨时3层土壤间差异显著,含水量随土层加深急剧增加;中雨时10~20cm比0~10 cm、20~30 cm比10~20 cm分别高50.80%、6.62%,0~10 cm土壤含水量显著低于10~20 cm和20~30 cm;暴雨时含水量随土层加深增幅变小;覆膜土壤土层越深土壤含水量受降雨的影响越小.覆膜可降低0~10、10~20 cm土层中的NO-3-N淋失量,分别降低40.74%、24.48%,但会增加20~30 cm的淋失;两处理土壤NO-3-N淋失量均随土层加深而增加.不同降雨类型对覆膜土壤NO-3-N淋失的影响也有区别,小雨时随土壤深度的增加淋失量增多;中雨时,0~10、20~30 cm NO-3-N淋失量分别为10~20 cm的1.75、8.41倍;暴雨时,0~10、20~30 cm分别比10~20 cm低18.97%和60.69%.土壤中NO-3-N淋失受土壤含水量的影响,且随土层加深含水量对NO-3-N淋失的影响减弱.     

基于可编辑VR实验平台的突发事件下跟随效应研究

建立了可编辑VR疏散动力学实验平台,并招募100名大学生开展地铁车厢内的虚拟实验,探究突发事件下的跟随效应。每次实验有一名实验人员和20名虚拟乘客(NPC)参与,共设置5个场景探究不同比例的运动NPC对参与者预动作行为和运动行为的影响。通过分析问卷、预动作时间、出门选择、运动距离等数据,发现在实验中存在跟随等待人群和跟随运动人群两种跟随效应,而人群的运动是更为强烈的信息,当等待和运动NPC占比从0%提升至50%,等待和运动参与者占比分别提高10%和60%。因此,在突发事件场景中,应及时对局部人群施加有效的同向引导,以提升整体疏散效率。     

劳动力外出务工对承灾体恢复力的影响——以河北省邢台县旱灾调查为例

农村劳动力资源是构成农户承灾体恢复力的重要因素.一般认为农村劳动力外出务工,可以提高农户家庭的经济水平,进而提升农户的旱灾恢复力.通过对河北省邢台县的实地调查研究发现,劳动力外出务工与农户承灾体恢复力间存在着微妙的关系.研究表明,户主外出务工模式不仅在农业生产的灾后恢复上,而且在农户家庭经济的恢复上均有积极的意义.对于子女外出务工家庭而言,子女不愿意再从事农业生产,并且子女的务工收入对家庭的贡献十分有限,即子女外出务工对家庭旱灾恢复力影响较小.     

Application of a Larval Medaka Assay to Evaluate the Fish Safety Level in Sagami River, Japan

Physico-chemical characteristics of some river and hand-dug well waters used for drinking and domestic purposes in the oil rich Niger Delta area of Nigeria were assessed using standard methods. The concentrations of the parameters in the river water samples ranged in the following order: pH (5.6–6.9), temperature (26.90–28.60°C), turbidity (23–63 NTU), electrical conductivity (52–184 μs/cm), DO (5.4–7.2 mg/l), BOD (21–57 mg/l), TDS (6.0–217 mg/l), PO₄ ³⁻ (0.19–1.72 mg/l), SO₄ ²⁻ (25–36.8 mg/l), NO₃ ⁻ (20.3–28 mg/l), Fe (6.07–15.71 mg/l), Zn (0.04–0.24 mg/l), Pb (0.01–0.17 mg/l), Ni (0.01–0.13 mg/l), Vn (0.01–0.20 mg/l) and Hg (0.001–0.002 mg/l). The concentrations of these parameters in the hand-dug well water ranged in the following order: pH (5.7–6.8) temperature (26–30°C), turbidity (134–171 NTU), electrical conductivity (160–340 μs/cm), DO (5.4–6.4 mg/l), BOD (13–34 mg/l), TDS (110–190 mg/l), PO₄ ³⁻ (0.84–1.84 mg/l), SO₄ ²⁻ (10.6–28.1 mg/l), NO₃ ⁻ (11.3–23 mg/l), Fe (13.17–16.31 mg/l), Ni (0.01–0.02 mg/l), Vn (0.01–0.04 mg/l) and Hg (0.001–0.004 mg/l). The concentrations of BOD, turbidity, NO₃ ⁻ and Fe in the water samples were above WHO and FMENV permissible limits for safe drinking water. The results suggest that the use of such waters for drinking and domestic purposes pose a serious threat to the health of the users and calls for the intervention of government agencies.     

In situ assays with tropical cladocerans to evaluate edge-of-field pesticide runoff toxicity

Tropical regions’ economy is usually based on agriculture, which involves an intensive use, and even frequent overuse, of pesticides. Nevertheless, not much research has been done on the impact of pesticides on tropical aquatic ecosystems, which are often contaminated by runoff-related pesticide inputs due to unpredictable and torrential rainfalls. This study aimed to: (i) adapt and evaluate a short-term sublethal in situ assay using post-exposure feeding as an endpoint, to the tropical cladoceran species Diaphanosoma brachyurum (collected at the Pedra do Cavalo dam in the Paraguaçu River basin, Bahia, Brazil), and, (ii) assess the role of the standard species Daphnia magna as an adequate laboratory surrogate. Lethal and sublethal (post-exposure feeding) responses were assessed for the two species. To evaluate these responses under environmentally realistic exposure conditions, a runoff event was simulated in an agricultural area previously contaminated with different deltamethrin concentrations. The resultant runoff water was used to set up microcosms with different dilutions, simulating the entrance of runoff water in an adjacent lentic system. An in situ assay with D. brachyurum was performed inside the microcosms, allowing to discriminate the effects due to deltamethrin from those due to other potential stressors associated with the experimental design (e.g. organism handling, load of suspended particles, microcosm design). Water samples were collected from microcosms to conduct a laboratory assay with D. magna. The in situ methodologies revealed to be suitable to conduct assays with D. brachyurum under tropical conditions, since all exposed organisms were successfully retrieved from the chambers. Furthermore, none of the potential stressors associated with the experimental design influenced the daphnids’ performance. The tropical cladoceran species, exposed under more realistic conditions, revealed to be more sensitive than the laboratory standard species: lethal effects were only observed for D. brachyurum and sublethal effects were noticed at a lower deltamethrin concentration for this species than for D. magna.