碳酸酐酶及其矿化捕获CO2研究

自然条件下CO₂水化速率十分缓慢,而CA(carbonic anhydrase,碳酸酐酶)作为一种以锌为活性中心的球状金属酶,可逆催化CO₂生成碳酸氢盐的水合反应,同时能加速该进程的反应速率,并且产物碳酸氢盐和氢根离子无毒害作用,是未来解决环境中CO₂吸收、贮存的可行技术. 但现阶段CA的大规模工业化生产和应用仍有诸多难点亟待解决:CA在使用时稳定性和活性均较低,易受到多种环境因素(如温度、pH、其他溶剂等)的影响;没有合适的含CA的生物载体;工业生产酶成本高昂且固载困难等. 这些问题也是目前CA研究的热点领域. 研究表明,常用的载体材料包括壳聚糖、无机纳米微粒、多孔材料、聚氨酯泡沫等, 这些材料各有优点,并且都能与CA较好地结合,固载CA的活性及稳定性也都不同程度的优于游离态CA,其中CA固载于无孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒上的热稳定性较好. 常用的结合方法有共价结合、吸附结合和交联结合,其中共价结合可以解决CA重复使用时的解吸和漏出问题. 对CA捕获CO₂实际应用中的诸多问题也正在积极解决:①混合气温度过高时,筛选热稳定性较高的菌种,或直接编码表达这类CA,亦或将CA与其他溶解CO₂能力强的溶剂(如胺液、MEA、MEDA等)配合使用;②针对液态膜易挥发的缺点,可以增加聚砜类增湿器;③对于捕获过程中HCO₃-不断增多的问题,可以加入Ca(OH)₂中和或是用离子置换装置去除.      

北京大气降水中细菌气溶胶的多样性研究

利用16S rRNA基因测序分类学技术,分别以北京市区2011及2012年不同月份的降水样品中细菌的基因组DNA为模板,通过克隆、测序构建基因组文库,研究了北京市大气降水中细菌的群落结构组成及多样性变化.系统发育分析结果表明,变形菌门(Proteobacteria) (α-,β-,γ-)是北京市降水样品中细菌的优势菌群(75.6%~100%),另外包括拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、异常球菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)、硝化螺菌门(Nitrospira)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)共7个主要门类的细菌,以及未定菌(TM7).多样性指数分析结果显示,不同的降水样品,细菌群落结构组成及多样性均存在着差异性,冬季12月份雪水样品细菌群落结构多样性明显高于其他季节的样品,细菌群落多样性(Shannon, H)特点是,冬季>秋季>夏季.     

Influence of pore size and membrane surface properties on arsenic removal by nanofiltration membranes

Four NF membranes were compared regarding arsenate rejection and their properties. Rejection of arsenate had no relationship with membrane pore size. A more negative surface charge was favorable for arsenate rejection at neutral pH. A severe membrane fouling could lead to a great reduction of arsenic rejection. Nanofiltration (NF) has a great potential in removing arsenate from contaminated water. The performance including arsenate rejection, water permeability and resistance to fouling could however differ substantially among NF membranes. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of membrane pore size and surface properties on these aspects of membrane performance. Four fully-aromatic NF membranes with different physicochemical properties were adopted for this study. The results showed that surface charge, hydrophobicity, roughness and pore size could affect water permeability and/or arsenate rejection considerably. A more negative surface charge was desirable to enhance arsenate rejection rates. NF90 and a non-commercialized membrane (M#1) demonstrated the best performance in terms of arsenate rejection and water permeability. The M#1 membrane showed less membrane fouling than NF90 when used for filtration of real arsenic-containing groundwater. This was mainly due to its distinct chemical composition and surface properties. A severe membrane fouling could lead to a substantial reduction of arsenic rejection. The M#1 membrane showed the best performance, which indicated that membrane modification could indeed enhance the overall membrane performance for water treatment.     

PM2.5通过NF-κB/NLRP3途径促进金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎的研究

细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))引发的呼吸系统疾病近年来成为公众关注焦点。为探究PM_(2.5)在金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎中产生的效应及其相关分子机制,将Balb/c小鼠随机分成6组:A.生理盐水对照,B. 5 mg·kg~(-1)PM_(2.5),C.肺炎模型,D.肺炎模型+0.05 mg·kg~(-1)PM_(2.5),E.肺炎模型+0.5 mg·kg~(-1)PM_(2.5),F.肺炎模型+5 mg·kg~(-1)PM_(2.5),进行为期7 d的PM_(2.5)气道滴注暴露后,用细菌滴鼻构建金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎模型。结果发现,PM_(2.5)暴露造成了小鼠肺部损伤并促进了金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎,并随着PM_(2.5)浓度的升高愈发显著,体现为小鼠肺部出现了更显著的气道重塑、炎症细胞浸润现象,肺纤维化程度加深。其分子机制是PM_(2.5)首先引发小鼠肺部产生氧化应激,促进核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路的激活,进而介导炎症小体NLRP3的活化,导致白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达升高,最终恶化了金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎。     

Influence of reclaimed water discharge on the dissemination and relationships of sulfonamide,sulfonamide resistance genes along the Chaobai River,Beijing

Reclaimed water threatens the ecological safety of the Chaobai River. SMX, TMP, and SDZ were the first three abundant antibiotics in the research area. SRGs and intI1 were widespread with high abundance after reclaimed water recharge. The SRGs values followed the sequence: Summer>autumn>spring>winter. Strong correlations were detected between SRGs and environmental factors. Reclaimed water represents an important source of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes, threatening the ecological safety of receiving environments, while alleviating water resource shortages. This study investigated the dissemination of sulfonamide (SAs), sulfonamide resistance genes (SRGs), and class one integrons (intI1) in the surface water of the recharging area of the Chaobai River. The three antibiotics sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and sulfadiazine had the highest abundance. The highest absolute abundances were 2.91×10⁶, 6.94×10⁶, and 2.18×10⁴ copies/mL for sul1, sul2, and intI1 at the recharge point, respectively. SRGs and intI1 were widespread and had high abundance not only at the recharging point, but also in remote areas up to 8 km away. Seasonal variations of SRGs abundance followed the order of summer>autumn>spring>winter. Significant correlations were found between SRGs and intI1 (R² = 0.887 and 0.786, p<0.01), indicating the potential risk of SRGs dissemination. Strong correlations between the abundance of SRGs and environmental factors were also found, suggesting that appropriate environmental conditions favor the spread of SRGs. The obtained results indicate that recharging with reclaimed water causes dissemination and enrichment of SAs and SRGs in the receiving river. Further research is required for the risk assessment and scientific management of reclaimed water.     

吉林省平原区村落空心化特征及发展建议

吉林省平原区是我国传统的粮食主产区,村庄空心化聚落形态具有特殊性。以村落空心化为特征的乡村衰落是实施我国乡村振兴战略的主要阻碍。采用实地调研与问卷调查的方法,分析吉林省平原区空心村的时空扩展和空心化特征,结果发现:吉林省平原区村落空心化起始晚,但发展快;人口和宅基地空心化严重,耕地质量具有"空心化"趋势。在研究基础上,提出建议:在村庄整治中,应完善农村土地产权制度和土地流转机制,中心村实心化发展与零散空心化村落治理相结合,建设与农业产业化相适应的中心村落职能结构,建立新型职业农民培育体系,重点发展农牧业一体化的产业模式。     

Copper fractal growth during recycling from waste printed circuit boards by slurry electrolysis

• Copper fractal growth was observed during WPCBs recycling by slurry electrolysis. • Dendrites fractal growth could be controlled by additive during electrodeposition. • Additive was proved to be an effective way to refine the copper crystal. • These findings contribute to enrich the study of slurry electrolysis. Superfine copper particles could be directly prepared from waste printed circuit boards by slurry electrolysis. Meanwhile, copper fractal growth could be observed. To better understand this phenomenon, the factors that affect copper dendrites in a point-cathode system were discussed in detail. These results showed that the fractal degree of copper dendrites increased as the increase of applied voltage and the decrease of copper sulfate and gelatin concentrations. Sodium lauryl sulfate and hydrochloric acid concentrations could not significantly impact the fractal degree of copper dendrites, while gelatin concentration could. The minimum copper fractal dimension was 1.069 when gelatin and copper sulfate concentration was 120 mg/L and 0.1 mol/L, respectively with an applied voltage of 11 V. Moreover, the results diffusion-limited aggregation model demonstrated that particle translational speed, particle numbers and binding probability significantly affected copper dendrite patterns. The scanning electron microscopy results indicated that the three additives greatly affected the refinement of the copper crystal. These findings contribute to enrich the theoretical study on metals recovery from e-waste by slurry electrolysis.     

Multivariate correlation analysis of bio-accumulation with soil properties and potential health risks of cadmium and lead in rice seeds and cabbage in pollution zones,China

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - A total of 475 representative cultivated land and 435 crop samples from 11 provinces of China were collected, and lead and cadmium in 6 polluted areas by...     

黄渤海上空气溶胶类型判别及其成因分析

气溶胶是大气环境的重要组成部分,其对天气和气候变化有重要影响,对人类健康也有危害.对气溶胶类型的区分有利于判别气溶胶的来源,这对控制气溶胶污染源、改善区域环境质量有重要的推动作用.本文基于黄渤海区域6个观测点的实测数据和卫星遥感数据,采用聚类分析方法对黄渤海上空的气溶胶进行分类,并采用拉格朗日轨迹追踪法判定气溶胶的来源.研究发现,黄渤海上空的气溶胶类型以清洁大陆型和生物燃烧以及城市/工业型为主,陆源输入是黄渤海上空气溶胶的重要来源.清洁大陆型的气溶胶在黄海中部的贡献率相比于其余海域偏低,这也间接表明近岸的气溶胶更易受到来自陆地的影响,离岸区域受陆地的影响相对较小.     

基于不同能源底物和营养水平的酸性矿山废水产生机制研究

硫化矿物在氧气、水和铁氧化细菌的共同作用下会形成pH值极低、富含可溶性Fe、SO₄^2-和重金属离子等的酸性矿山废水.本研究选取黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿和黄铜矿作为能源底物,以及0×9K、1/4×9K、1/2×9K、1×9K培养基作为营养水平,在氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans）的参与下,从能源底物和营养水平角度探索不同硫化矿物酸性废水的产生特点和机制.结果表明,3种硫化矿物的生物产酸能力依次为黄铁矿>磁黄铁矿≈黄铜矿.经过38 d的生化反应后,黄铁矿体系的pH值达到1.41,总Fe （TFe）和SO₄^2-浓度分别达到771.82 mg·L^-1和357.25 mg·L^-1.水体营养水平在黄铁矿的生物产酸过程中起着至关重要的作用.经过16 d的生化反应后,0×9K、1/4×9K、1/2×9K、1×9K培养基处理的终点pH值分别为1.68、1.44、1.30、1.29.根据各营养体系中Fe²⁺和TFe浓度的变化趋势,以及反应终点收集矿物的X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）,分析认为充足的营养会提高Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans的活性或密度,加快Fe²⁺生物氧化形成Fe³⁺并通过水解产酸作用合成黄钾铁矾等次生铁矿物,从而导致溶液的pH值更低.本研究所得结果对明晰酸性矿山废水形成规律具有一定的指导意义.