Applying a new method for direct collection, volume quantification and determination of N2 emission from water

The emission of N₂ is important to remove excess N from lakes, ponds, and wetlands. To investigate the gas emission from water, Gao et al. (2013) developed a new method using a bubble trap device to collect gas samples from waters. However, the determination accuracy of sampling volume and gas component concentration was still debatable. In this study, the method was optimized for in situ sampling, accurate volume measurement and direct injection to a gas chromatograph for the analysis of N₂ and other gases. By the optimized new method, the recovery rate for N₂ was 100.28% on average; the mean coefficient of determination (R²) was 0.9997; the limit of detection was 0.02%. We further assessed the effects of the new method, bottle full of water, vs. vacuum bag and vacuum vial methods, on variations of N₂ concentration as influenced by sample storage times of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days at constant temperature of 15°C, using indices of averaged relative peak area (%) in comparison with the averaged relative peak area of each method at 0 day. The indices of the bottle full of water method were the lowest (99.5%-108.5%) compared to the indices of vacuum bag and vacuum vial methods (119%-217%). Meanwhile, the gas chromatograph determination of other gas components (O₂, CH₄, and N₂O) was also accurate. The new method was an alternative way to investigate N₂ released from various kinds of aquatic ecosystems.     

Rapid and simple spectrophotometric determination of persulfate in water by microwave assisted decolorization of Methylene Blue

A rapid and simple method for determination of persulfate in aqueous solution was developed. The method is based on the rapid reaction of persulfate with Methylene Blue(MB) via domestic microwave activation, which can promote the activation of persulfate and decolorize MB quickly. The depletion of MB at 644 nm(the maximum absorption wavelength of MB) is in proportion to the increasing concentration of persulfate in aqueous solution. Linear calibration curve was obtained in the range 0–1.5 mmol/L, with a limit of detection of 0.0028 mmol/L. The reaction time is rapid(within 60 sec), which is much shorter than that used for conventional methods. Compared with existing analytical methods, it need not any additives, especially colorful Fe2+, and need not any pretreatment for samples, such as p H adjustment.     

Mercury adsorption characteristics of HBr-modified fly ash in an entrained-flow reactor

In this study, the mercury adsorption characteristics of HBr-modified fly ash in an entrained-flow reactor were investigated through thermal decomposition methods. The results show that the mercury adsorption performance of the HBr-modified fly ash was enhanced significantly. The mercury species adsorbed by unmodified fly ash were HgCl₂, HgS and HgO. The mercury adsorbed by HBr-modified fly ash, in the entrained-flow reactor, existed in two forms, HgBr₂ and HgO, and the HBr was the dominant factor promoting oxidation of elemental mercury in the entrained-flow reactor. In the current study, the concentration of HgBr₂ and HgO in ash from the fine ash vessel was 4.6 times greater than for ash from the coarse ash vessel. The fine ash had better mercury adsorption performance than coarse ash, which is most likely due to the higher specific surface area and longer residence time.     

低浓度苯系物在新疆干旱区土壤中的吸附行为研究

采集新疆干旱区石化废水库附近区域土壤,以苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯(间、对二甲苯)等典型苯系物为研究对象,系统研究低浓度苯系物在干旱区土壤上的吸附行为,分析土壤有机质含量,溶液p H、溶液含盐量、温度对苯系物吸附的影响。结果显示土壤对低浓度苯系物的吸附16 h达到平衡;吸附等温线经拟合后符合Henry直线型吸附模型;土壤对苯系物的吸附量随着土壤有机质含量的增加而增加,土壤有机质含量与吸附量呈显著正相关(P0.01,R2≥0.919);溶液p H值对吸附过程无明显作用;随着溶液含盐量增大,土壤对苯系物的吸附量表现为先减小,再稳定;温度升高会抑制土壤对苯系物的吸附作用。     

四川三岔湖重金属污染与人类活动的关系

沉积物对湖泊重金属污染具有指示作用,通过分析沉积物的污染特征可以揭示湖泊重金属污染的污染历史和污染源。利用210Pb和137Cs定年和沉积物粒度分析,研究了三岔湖沉积物重金属的不同湖区和不同年代的分布特征及形成原因。人类活动强烈影响了重金属的沉积与富集:Cu、Zn与网箱养殖密切相关,Pb则主要源于邻近岸区的交通运输活动,Cr主要来自农业面源污染。受自身化学特性的影响,重金属的含量与沉积物的粒度分布密切相关,也正因此会出现洪水等的特殊年份重金属污染特征的异变。     

闸控河段水质浓度影响关键因子识别

由于闸门调度对河道内的水环境要素具有强烈的扰动作用,故闸控河段的水质变化过程较常规河道更为复杂。为了探析引起闸控河段水质浓度变化的主要制约因素,以槐店闸为研究对象,结合笔者进行的2次实验和其他时期的监测数据,通过偏相关分析和主成分分析的方法识别影响闸控河段水质浓度变化的关键因子,并利用多元线性回归方法分析得到闸控河段水质浓度变化与其关键因子的多元线性回归方程。经过分析初步得到,与高锰酸盐指数浓度变化率有关的关键因子为闸门开度、开启个数、高锰酸盐指数来水浓度、溶解氧含量、流速和水深;与氨氮浓度变化率有关的关键因子为闸门开度、开启个数、氨氮来水浓度、溶解氧含量和p H值。     

再生水消毒副产物去除技术研究进展

三卤甲烷、卤乙酸、卤乙腈、三氯硝基甲烷以及N-亚硝基二甲胺是再生水氯/氯胺消毒中主要的消毒副产物,具有较强的毒性和致癌性,严重威胁生态安全及人体健康。目前难以通过改变消毒条件来减少其生成量,而去除其前驱物可有效降低消毒副产物的生成。文章介绍了氧化法、混凝沉淀法、离子交换法以及膜过滤等方法去除消毒副产物前驱物的研究,重点分析了臭氧氧化法去除消毒副产物前驱物的影响因素,对已生成的消毒副产物的去除也进行了简述。     

两种方法测定固定污染源废气中铅的对比研究

以石英纤维滤筒采样,采用硝酸-氢氟酸消解体系,建立了火焰原子吸收光谱法和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定固定污染源废气中铅的分析方法。分别对两种方法的波长选择、干扰因素、标准曲线、检出限、准确度和精密度等方面进行了对比研究,并对两种方法的测定结果进行t检验。结果表明,两种方法无显著性差异,均可用于固定污染源废气中铅的含量测定。     

秦皇岛市主要陆源入海排污口污染现状评价

根据2011年对秦皇岛周边海域环境影响较大的11个陆源入海排污口的调查结果,通过单因子污染指数及等标污染负荷相关指标的计算,分析评价秦皇岛市主要入海排污口(河流)的污染现状及主要污染源。调查结果表明,区域内所有排污口中,大蒲河排污口的污染负荷比最大;其次为滦河、新开河;所有调查指标中,总磷的污染负荷比最大,是秦皇岛近岸海域最主要的污染物。     

废水中α-氯代环己基苯基甲酮的电化学降解

采用石墨电极对含α-氯代环己基苯基甲酮的氯化清洗水进行电化学降解。结果表明,电化学降解对COD的去除效果非常明显,并且随着电流密度增加,COD的去除效率逐渐升高,电流密度由15 mA/cm2增加至100 mA/cm2, COD的去除率从39.7%升高到72.3%;电化学降解作用下,水样可生化性显著提高,降解2 h后,(BOD5)/(COD)由原水的0.22提高到0.46;电化学降解过程中,COD的降解遵循零级反应动力学方程;此外,还对电化学降解过程中α-氯代环己基苯基甲酮的降解途径进行了推测。