电网建设项目竣工环保验收的常见问题及解决方案

电网项目属于非污染型生态项目,具有该类型项目特有的影响因子单一、项目涉及范围广及环境敏感点分布不均等特点。该类项目竣工环保验收中存在6种主要问题,针对验收率、验收监测、公众参与等方面,通过制定规范、加强管理、落实环保治理措施等层面,给出了相对的解决方案。通过方案的实施,主要常见问题可得到解决或改善。     

改性γ-聚谷氨酸络合重金属离子性能

研究了不同控制条件(温度、Pb2+浓度、pH)对交联改性γ-聚合谷氨酸(γ-PGA)吸附重金属离子所形成的絮凝颗粒性质的影响,对于治理水中重金属污染的相关研究有一定参考价值。实验表明,C-L-γ-PGA絮凝吸附Pb2+的最佳温度段在30℃附近。随着交联度的增加,不同的Pb2+浓度影响絮凝颗粒的大小,当处于较低浓度时,静电引力成为影响絮凝颗粒粒径最主要的因素,当Pb2+浓度增加到一定程度时,重金属的吸附量成为絮凝颗粒的粒径的决定因素。溶液pH达到7附近时,能够形成粒径最大的絮凝颗粒,并出现了最大的Pb2+去除率。C-L-γ-PGA对其他重金属离子也有类似的吸附絮凝作用,且絮凝吸附强弱顺序为Cu2+>Cr3+>Pb2+>Hg2+。吸附絮凝颗粒的粒径反映了重金属被吸附之后分离的难易程度,因此研究不同条件对絮凝颗粒粒径的影响对重金属离子的吸附和去除有重要意义。     

脉冲电弧液相放电等离子体污水消毒灭菌

采用某污水厂的出水,利用脉冲电弧液相放电等离子体技术,研究了放电脉冲次数、放电电压、放电极间距对大肠杆菌灭杀的影响。结果表明:随着放电脉冲次数的增加,灭菌率升高。当放电脉冲次数为400时,灭菌率高达99.1%。随着放电电压的升高,大肠杆菌的去除率升高,其中电压为3 kV最高,灭菌率为96.7%。在相同的电压下,放电极间距越小,灭菌效率越高,放电间距0.5 mm时最佳。利用扫描电镜观察等离子体处理前后大肠杆菌细胞的形貌变化,并根据灭菌的结果对等离子体的灭菌机理进行了分析,发现了灭菌消毒与等离子体中所含的活性粒子成分有密切的关系。     

污泥活性炭对复合染料的脱色及其重金属浸出毒性

用自制的污泥活性炭处理亚甲基蓝与酸性品红组成的染料废水,研究了pH、吸附时间、温度等因素对复合组分染料废水脱色率的影响,测试分析了污泥活性炭在处理亚甲基蓝与酸性品红复合组分染料废水过程中的重金属浸出毒性。结果表明:与处理单一组分染料废水相比较,处理复合染料废水时pH的影响较为复杂,2种染料在污泥活性炭上存在竞争吸附,但是污泥活性炭对复合组分染料的脱色效果较好。污泥活性炭对复合染料的吸附过程符合Langmuir型吸附。在处理染料废水的过程中,污泥活性炭中的重金属镉、锌及铬会浸出,重金属镉、锌的浸出浓度符合国家标准,但铬的浸出浓度已接近国家标准上限。     

应用人工阶梯 深潭系统治理泥石流沟的尝试

泥石流的主要破坏性在于其能量巨大,输送大量物质造成生命财产损失,消耗泥石流的起动及运动能量能防止泥石流发生或使泥石流的破坏性大大降低,为泥石流治理提供了新的思路。通过在甘肃西汉水流域的泥石流支沟拦山沟进行人工阶梯 深潭系统试验,2009~2010年汛期观测发现阶梯 深潭系统能增强沟道阻力,抬高侵蚀基准面,从而控制侵蚀下切,且多级的阶梯 深潭系统通过跌水和水跃能有效消散水流能量,在一定程度上抑制了泥石流的起动和加速,使得泥石流在阶梯上游停留堆积,淤满的阶梯在河床纵剖面仍能保持阶梯形态,起到增强阻力消能的作用,减小了拦山沟泥石流对下游的破坏。消能结构对大坡度山区河流起重要作用,不论是人工消能结构还是自然消能结构,都能起到增阻消能的作用,对山区河流治理起到积极的作用     

双极膜电渗析法回收丙烯酸丁酯废水中的有机酸

采用三隔室型双极膜电渗析装置将丙烯酸丁酯废水中的丙烯酸钠和对甲基苯磺酸钠转化为丙烯酸和对甲基苯磺酸并回收有机酸溶液,研究了料室与酸室初始溶液体积比对转化过程的影响.实验结果表明:当料室与酸室初始溶液体积比为5时,回收的有机酸溶液中丙烯酸和对甲基苯磺酸的质量浓度分别达161.5 g/L和25.0 g/L;整个电渗析过程的...     

表面活性剂洗脱含油污泥中的机油

采用表面活性剂洗脱法去除含油污泥中的机油,考察了4种表面活性剂对含油污泥的洗脱效果.实验结果表明:当以质量浓度为100 mg/L吐温80为洗脱剂、洗脱时间为4h、洗脱温度为25℃、溶液pH为6时,溶液中油质量浓度最大,为1 293.68 mg/L,此时含油污泥中油的洗脱率为86.25％;无机离子的加入总体上减小了表面活...     

Characteristics of fundamental combustion and NOx emission using various rank coals

Eight types of coals of different rank were selected and their fundamental combustion characteristics were examined along with the conversion of volatile nitrogen (N) to nitrogen oxides (NOx)/fuel N to NOx. The activation energy, onset temperature, and burnout temperature were obtained from the differential thermogravimetry curve and Arrhenius plot, which were derived through thermo-gravimetric analysis. In addition, to derive the combustion of volatile N to NOx/fuel N to NOx, the coal sample, which was pretreated at various temperatures, was burned, and the results were compared with previously derived fundamental combustion characteristics. The authors' experimental results confirmed that coal rank was highly correlated with the combustion of volatile N to NOx/fuel N to NOx.     

Evaluating aeration techniques for decreasing phosphorus export from grasslands receiving manure

Because surface-applied manures can contribute to phosphorus (P) in runoff, we examined mechanical aeration of grasslands for reducing P transport by increasing infiltration of rainfall and binding of P with soil minerals. The effects of three aeration treatments and a control (aeration with cores, continuous-furrow "no-till" disk aeration perpendicular to the slope, slit aeration with tines, and no aeration treatment) on the export of total suspended solids, total Kjeldahl P (TKP), total dissolved P (TDP), dissolved reactive P (DRP), and bioavailable P (BAP) in runoff from grasslands with three manure treatments (broiler litter, dairy slurry, and no manure) were examined before and after simulated compaction by cattle. Plots (0.75 x 2 m) were established on a Cecil soil series with mixed tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)-bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] vegetation on 8 to 12% slopes. Manures were applied at a target rate of 30 kg P ha(-1), and simulated rainfall was applied at a rate of 85 mm h(-1). Although the impact of aeration type on P export varied before and after simulated compaction, overall results indicated that core aeration has the greatest potential for reducing P losses. Export of TKP was reduced by 55%, TDP by 62%, DRP by 61%, total BAP by 54%, and dissolved BAP by 57% on core-aerated plots with applied broiler litter as compared with the control (p < 0.05). Core and no-till disk aeration also showed potential for reducing P export from applied dairy slurry (p < 0.10). Given that Cecil soil is common in pastures receiving broiler litter in the Southern Piedmont, our results indicate that pairing core aeration of these pastures with litter application could have a widespread impact on surface water quality.     

Environmental risk assessment of genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant Zoysia japonica

Herbicide-tolerant Zoysia grass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) has been generated previously through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The genetically modified (GM) Zoysia grass survived Basta spraying and grew to maturity normally while the wild-type (WT) grass stopped growing and died. GM Zoysia grass will permit more efficient weed control for various turf grass plantings such as home lawns, golf courses, and parks. We examined the environmental/biodiversity risks of herbicide-tolerant GM Zoysia before applying to regulatory agencies for approval for commercial release. The GM and WT Zoysia grass' substantial trait equivalence, ability to cross-pollinate, and gene flow in confined and unconfined test fields were selectively analyzed for environmental/biodiversity effects. No difference between GM and WT Zoysia grass in substantial traits was found. To assess the potential for cross-pollination and gene flow, a non-selective herbicide, Basta, was used. Results showed that unintended cross-pollination with and gene flow from GM Zoysia grass were not detected in neighboring weed species examined, but were observed in WT Zoysia grass (on average, 6% at proximity, 1.2% at a distance of 0.5 m and 0.12% at a radius of 3 m, and 0% at distances over 3 m). On the basis of these initial studies, we conclude that the GM Zoysia grass generated in our laboratory and tested in the Nam Jeju County field does not appear to pose a significant risk when cultivated outside of test fields.