上海市农村富营养化河道生态修复工程研究

用食藻虫引导沉水植物生态修复工程技术对上海市临港新城果园镇里塘河道富营养化水体进行了工程治理和生态修复,辅以种植沉水植物,采取开放式生态修复和治理。每月水质跟踪检测结果表明:该工程治理方法具有显著生态修复效果,水质得到明显改善;COD_Mn、TN、TP在最低平均值时分别比生态修复前下降了60.67%、85.36%、88.74%;氨氮、亚硝态氮和叶绿素a在生态修复中的最低平均值分别为0.088 mg/L、0.024 mg/L和5.31 mg/m³;试验期间,修复区水体TN、TP、NO₂-N、NH₄-N和COD_Mn显著低于对照区,水体透明度（SD）平均为150～180 cm,水质达到国家Ⅱ～Ⅲ类地表水水质标准。     

Enhanced biodegradation of chlorobenzene via combined Fe3+ and Zn2+ based on rhamnolipid solubilisation

Biotrickling filters (BTFs) for hydrophobic chlorobenzene (CB) purification are limited by mass transfer and biodegradation. The CB mass transfer rate could be improved by 150 mg/L rhamnolipids. This study evaluated the combined use of Fe³⁺ and Zn²⁺ to enhance biodegradation in a BTF over 35 day. The effects of these trace elements were analysed under different inlet concentrations (250, 600, 900, and 1200 mg/L) and empty bed residence times (EBRTs; 60, 45, and 32 sec). Batch experiments showed that the promoting effects of Fe³⁺/Zn²⁺ on microbial growth and metabolism were highest for 3 mg/L Fe³⁺ and 2 mg/L Zn²⁺, followed by 2 mg/L Zn²⁺, and lowest at 3 mg/L Fe³⁺. Compared to BTF in the absence of Fe³⁺ and Zn²⁺, the average CB elimination capacity and removal efficiency in the presence of Fe³⁺ and Zn²⁺ increased from 61.54 to 65.79 g/(m³?hr) and from 80.93% to 89.37%, respectively, at an EBRT of 60 sec. The average removal efficiency at EBRTs of 60, 45, and 32 sec increased by 2.89%, 5.63%, and 11.61%, respectively. The chemical composition (proteins (PN), polysaccharides (PS)) and functional groups of the biofilm were analysed at 60, 81, and 95 day. Fe³⁺ and Zn²⁺ significantly enhanced PN and PS secretion, which may have promoted CB adsorption and biodegradation. High-throughput sequencing revealed the promoting effect of Fe³⁺ and Zn²⁺ on bacterial populations. The combination of Fe³⁺ and Zn²⁺ with rhamnolipids was an efficient method for improving CB biodegradation in BTFs.     

Aerosol Composition Change due to Dust Storm: Measurements between 1992 and 1999 at Gosan,Korea

Aerosol composition change between dust storm and non duststorm periods is studied using the TSP (Total SuspendedParticulate) data measured at Gosan, Korea between 1992 and1999. The concentrations of elements measured between 1993and 1996 and those of ions between 1992 and 1999 duringdust storms are compared with those during non-dust stormperiods in spring (March, April, and May). Among theanalyzed ions, the concentrations of crustal species(potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride) andanthropogenic species (nitrate and non-sea salt (nss)-sulfate) increased when dust storm occurs while those ofammonium and sodium did not increase. Among the analyzedelements, the concentrations of crustal species (Fe, Al,Ca, Ti, and Zn) increased when dust storm occurs whilethose of anthropogenic species (Mn, V, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Cr)did not increase. The only anthropogenic element of whichconcentration increased during dust storm periods was Pb.It was found that the concentrations of nitrate and nss-sulfatewere highest during spring. Also, the ratio of theyearly average concentrations of nitrate to nss-sulfateincreases, probably due to the emission trend change innortheast Asia, especially, in China.     

两相法筛选高效除磷菌的研究

利用模拟除磷菌生存环境的两相法,设计厌氧-好氧两相交替条件,配合厌氧相含底物无磷培养基和好氧相含磷无底物培养基,进行高效除磷菌的筛选和菌株除磷能力检测.两相法包括前期富集、筛选、检测前驯化和检测共四个阶段.采用两相法从运行良好的SBR反应器中筛得15株菌,所有菌株均具有除磷能力,菌株除磷能力强.两相法筛选除磷菌具有针对性强,工作量小,筛选获得的菌株多样性好和高效除磷菌比例高等优点.     

全氟辛酸诱导斑马鱼脾脏损伤及白细胞介素表达紊乱的免疫毒效应研究

全氟辛酸(PFOA)是新型持久性有机污染物,在水生生态系统多介质环境中广泛分布,其对水生生物的致毒机理备受关注.本文应用透射电镜和实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究了PFOA(0.05、0.1、0.5和1 mg·L-1)在7 d和14 d两个不同暴露时间段对斑马鱼脾脏的损伤效应及对白介素指标IL-1β、IL-4和IL-21表达的影响.结果表明,PFOA能够明显导致斑马鱼脾脏损伤,脾脏细胞呈现细胞膜皱缩和空泡化等特征.PFOA能够明显干扰斑马鱼脾脏白介素的表达.对于7 d暴露组,IL-1β和IL-4在m RNA水平的相对表达量随着暴露剂量的增加呈现出明显的先上升后下降的趋势;而IL-21的相对表达量随着暴露剂量的增加不断上升.对于14 d暴露组,IL-1β和IL-21在m RNA水平的相对表达量随着暴露剂量的增加呈现出明显的先上升后下降的趋势;而IL-4的相对表达量随着暴露剂量的增加不断上升.线性相关性分析表明,当暴露时间为7 d时,IL-1β表达量与IL-4表达量的相关系数为0.53;当暴露时间为14 d时,IL-1β表达量与IL-21表达量的相关系数为0.50,这说明PFOA诱导不同时间段后,斑马鱼脾脏IL-1β的表达量分别受IL-4和IL-21表达的影响.综上,本研究证实全氟辛酸能够通过诱导白介素表达的紊乱而导致斑马鱼免疫系统损伤,存在明显的剂量-效应特征.白介素IL-1β、IL-4和IL-21可以作为监测PFOA对水生生物健康风险评价研究的重要生物标志物.     

复合垂直流人工湿地微生物特征对典型污水的响应差异

污水性质是影响人工湿地微生物特征的重要因子,而微生物对人工湿地污染物净化功能的发挥至关重要. 运用两组IVCW(复合垂直流人工湿地)分别处理模拟生活污水和污水处理厂尾水,比较研究两组系统下行流、上行流池的基质酶活性及硝化反硝化强度,并通过脂肪酸甲酯图谱分析系统中的微生物群落结构,以解析人工湿地微生物特征对两种污水的响应差异. 结果表明:处理生活污水的IVCW下行流池中脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶及硝酸盐还原酶活性均显著高于其他单元,四者平均值分别为其他单元的2.8~4.6、7.9~10.3、19.3~41.7和4.5~10.8倍. 处理生活污水IVCW基质的硝化强度是尾水处理系统对应单元的1.4~5.3倍(下行流)和1.3~3.9倍(上行流),而两组IVCW对应单元基质的反硝化强度之间无显著差异. IVCW下行流池中特征脂肪酸比值及微生物群落结构受污水类型的影响较小,均以厌氧细菌和革兰氏阳性菌为优势菌;上行流池微生物群落结构则受到污水类型的一定影响,真菌的相对丰度较高. 两种污水对IVCW基质酶活性和硝化强度的影响高于对反硝化强度和微生物群落结构的影响.      

Gasification applicability study of polyurethane solid refuse fuel fabricated from electric waste by measuring syngas and nitrogenous pollutant gases

To recycle polyurethane foam waste generated from electric appliance recycling centers for use as fuel in a gasification process, polyurethane solid refuse fuel fabricated as pellets was analyzed for the characteristics of elemental composition, proximate analysis, heating value, and thermo-gravimetric testing. It has a high heating value of 29.06 MJ/kg with a high content of combustibles, which could be feasibly used in any thermal process. However, the nitrogen content, of up to 7 %, was comparably higher than for other fuels such as coal, biomass, and refuse-derived fuel, and may result in the emission of nitrogenous pollutant gases of HCN and NH₃. By conducting gasification experiments on polyurethane solid refuse fuel in a fixed-bed reactor, a syngas with a heating value of 9.76 kJ/m³ and high content of both H₂ and CO were produced with good gasification efficiency; carbon conversion 54 %, and cold gas efficiency 60 %. The nitrogenous pollutant gases in syngas were measured at the concentrations of 160 ppm hydrogen cyanide and 40 ppm ammonia, which may have to be reduced using proper cleaning technologies prior to the commercialization of gasification technology for polyurethane waste.     

翅片式防爆柴油机排气冷却器烟气侧数值分析

建立了翅片式防爆柴油机排气冷却器的计算模型,通过FLUENT软件对其烟气侧进行了仿真分析,探讨了防爆柴油机排气冷却器烟气内部的流场及温度场分布规律,仿真结果与热平衡试验结果基本一致,表明建立的数值分析模型准确,为翅片式排气冷却器的设计优化提供了理论指导。     

Risk of motor vehicle accident death among 1.3 million veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars

Objective: We conducted a cohort study of recent wartime veterans to determine the postservice mortality risk due to motor vehicle accidents (MVAs).

Methods: Veterans were identified from the Defense Manpower Data Center records. Deployment to te Iraq or Afghanistan war zone was determined from the Contingency Tracking System. Vital status of 317,581 deployed and 964,493 nondeployed veterans was followed from their discharge dates between 2001 to 2007 until earlier of date of death or December 31, 2009. Underlying causes of death were obtained from the National Death Index Plus.

Results: Based on 9,353 deaths (deployed, 1,650; nondeployed, 7,703), of which 779 were MVA deaths as drivers (166; 613), both cohorts had 25 to 24% lower mortality risk from all causes but had 44 to 45% higher risk of MVA deaths relative to the U.S. general population. The higher MVA mortality risk was not associated with deployment to the war zone. After controlling for age, sex, race, marital status, branch of service, and rank, the risk for deployed veterans was comparable to that of nondeployed veterans (hazard ratio = 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.77–1.09).

Conclusions: Veterans exhibit significantly higher risk of MVA deaths compared to the U.S. general population. However, deployment to the Iraq or Afghanistan war was not associated with the excess risk.