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排序方式: 共有336条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Gregory A. Keoleian Catherine E. Blackler Richard Denbow Ruth Polk 《Journal of Cleaner Production》1997,5(4):279-289
Water-based cleaning of specialty garments is emerging as a potential alternative to dry cleaning. Perchloroethylene, the solvent used in dry cleaning, poses significant human and ecosystem health concerns. This paper is part 1 of a two part series that analyzes the key environmental, human health, performance, economic, and regulatory factors which influence the future of the garment cleaning industry. This paper inventories the environmental releases and wastes associated with the consumption of perchloroethylene in modern dry cleaning machines which ranges from 2.0 to 5.2 kg per 100 kg of clothing cleaned. In addition, water, electricity, and other inputs for both perchloroethylene-based and water-based garment cleaning are compared using data from previous demonstration projects. Toxicological and epidemiological studies provide evidence for the carcinogenicity of perchloroethylene although this classification is controversial. Cancer risks at low levels of exposure associated with modern dry cleaning equipment and good housekeeping practices are unknown and require further investigation. Regardless of these uncertainties, water-based cleaning is preferable to dry cleaning from a human and environmental health perspective. 相似文献
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Derwent RG Stevenson DS Doherty RM Collins WJ Sanderson MG Johnson CE Cofala J Mechler R Amann M Dentener FJ 《Ambio》2005,34(1):54-59
A global three-dimensional Lagrangian chemistry-transport model STOCHEM is used to describe the European regional acid deposition and ozone air quality impacts along the Atlantic Ocean seaboard of Europe, from the SO2, NOx, VOCs and CO emissions from international shipping under conditions appropriate to the year 2000. Model-derived total sulfur deposition from international shipping reaches over 200 mg S m(-2) yr(-1) over the southwestern approaches to the British Isles and Brittany. The contribution from international shipping to surface ozone concentrations during the summertime, peaks at about 6 ppb over Ireland, Brittany and Portugal. Shipping emissions act as an external influence on acid deposition and ozone air quality within Europe and may require control actions in the future if strict deposition and air quality targets are to be met. 相似文献
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Gannet (Sula bassana) eggs collected from Ailsa Craig, Western Scotland between 1977-1998 have been analyzed retrospectively for several PCB congeners. Concentrations of a range of congeners were determined in 8-10 eggs analyzed separately for several individual years. All congeners declined in concentrations throughout the time period, but the rates of decline differed for different congeners. Declines were first order and half-lives varied between 5.4 years for PCB-101 to 10.1 years for PCB-180. Egg concentrations reflect the maternal body burden, which itself is controlled by the birds rate of intake (principally via the diet) and losses (via metabolism and other clearance mechanisms). The declining concentrations in eggs, therefore, broadly reflect reductions in prey concentrations (principally herring and mackerel) and--in turn--water column concentrations. Rates of change in PCB concentrations from this study were similar to those noted in fish-eating birds from the Baltic Sea and North American Great Lakes, and ambient air in the UK. This provides indirect evidence that gannet eggs are broadly reflecting regional/global scale clearance/removal mechanisms which are controlling ambient PCB concentrations. 相似文献
67.
Pat M. Fidopiastis Daniel J. Bezdek Michael H. Horn Judith S. Kandel 《Marine Biology》2006,148(3):631-642
The zebraperch, Hermosilla azurea Jenkins and Evermann, a warm-temperate marine fish species with a strictly macroalgal diet, has a relatively long digestive
tract with an enlarged hindgut and an associated blind caecum (HC). In zebraperch sampled off Santa Catalina Island, California
(33°19′42′′N; 118°18′37′′W) in years 1995 through 2001, direct cell counts, gut epithelium assessment of bacterial attachment,
and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) analyses verified that the zebraperch HC possesses a dense and morphologically diverse,
fermentative microbiota. Bacterial cell counts and morphological diversity were significantly higher in HC contents compared
to anterior gut regions, suggesting that microbial populations were growing along the digestive tract. Similarly, electron
micrographs of the HC epithelium revealed attached microbes, further supporting the possibility that these organisms constitute
resident microbiota. Five different SCFAs were detected in all three regions of the digestive tract, but levels were up to
three times greater in HC contents. Acetate was consistently the prevailing SCFA in all gut regions. Sequence analysis of
bacterial 16S rDNA was used to identify predominant bacterial groups in HC contents. Of the seven main bacterial types identified,
Enterovibrio spp. were the dominant bacteria in HC contents followed by species of Bacteroides,Faecalibacterium, and Desulfovibrio. Taken together, our findings show that the zebraperch HC harbors a consortium of microbes that appears to assist in the
breakdown of algal polysaccharides in the herbivorous diet of the fish. 相似文献
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Discrimination between nestmate and non-nestmate kin by social wasps (Polistes fuscatus,Hymenoptera: Vespidae) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
George J. Gamboa Jeff E. Klahn Allan O. Parman Ruth E. Ryan 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1987,20(2):125-128
Summary The threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus is a voracious cannibal of both its own eggs and those of conspecific neighbours. Females, but not males, can distinguish their progeny from those of other fish and attacked alien eggs more frequently. In experiments to examine nest raiding, females that initiated raids on nests resulting in cannibalism were the first females to spawn in the reconstructed nest. These results support the hypothesis that cannibalism by females may be adaptive in situations where intense female competition for male guardians occurs. 相似文献
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