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41.
The tissue-blood partition coefficients for a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model were determined, and the concentrations of 17 congeners of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in tissues in Japanese people were estimated using the model. According to the PBPK model established by Lawrence and Gobas [Chemosphere 35 (1997) 427-452], we assumed a steady-state fugacity model for Japanese people in general, and set the route of PCDD/Fs exposure only from food intake. The required partition coefficients for liver, kidney, adipose, muscle, skin, bile, gut and viscera (richly perfused tissue) were calculated using available autopsy data from eight Japanese men and women who were not accidentally exposed to PCDD/Fs. For validation of the partition coefficients, estimated PCDD/F concentrations in liver, kidney, fat, blood and muscle using the model were compared to other two sets of measured concentration data in Japanese tissues. Good agreement was obtained between estimated data and measured data, and most of the measured data were within the simulated concentration range in liver, kidney, blood and muscle. From these results, our model and calculated partition coefficients seem applicable for the estimation of congener-specific concentrations in human tissues. 相似文献
42.
Subramanian AN Tanabe S Tanaka H Hidaka H Tatsukawa R 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1987,43(1):39-46
The gain and loss rates and the biological half-life of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and p,p'-DDE in wild birds were calculated using the values on burdens of these compounds in the bodies of adelie penguins in a previous report (Subramanian et al., 1986). The daily loss rate of PCBs (0.26%) was found to be higher than DDT compounds (0.12%) resulting in the longer biological half-life of the latter compounds (580 days) than PCBs (270 days). Hence, once DDT compounds are absorbed they are more persistent in the organisms' bodies due to their high lipophilicity and comparatively less metabolisable nature than PCBs. 相似文献
43.
Shunitz Tanaka Masayuki Kawai Yosuke Nakata Motoki Terashima Hideki Kuramitz Masami Fukushima 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(4-6):95-102
The photo-Fenton reactions, which could yield hydroxyl radicals via the catalytic degradation of H2O2 by Fe(II), were focused as one of the abiotic degradation processes of bisphenol A (BPA) in surface waters. At pH 6, in the presence of H2O2 only, 32% of BPA was degraded after 120?min of irradiation. However, 97% of BPA was degraded in the presence of both H2O2 and Fe(II). Without light irradiation, no BPA degradation was observed even in the presence of Fe(II) and H2O2. These results show that photo-Fenton processes are effective in the natural attenuation of BPA in surface water. In addition, the presence of humic acids (HAs), which were of more aliphatic nature, resulted in enhancing BPA degradation via the photo-Fenton processes. Therefore, HAs can be one of the important factors in enhancing the degradation of BPA in surface water via the photo-Fenton processes. 相似文献
44.
Taro Miyoshi Thanh Phong Nguyen Terumi Tsumuraya Hiromu Tanaka Toru Morita Hiroki Itokawa Toshikazu Hashimoto 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2018,12(3):1
45.
Environmental Fluid Mechanics - The principle theme of this study is to introduce a novel countermeasure to reduce the energy of the overflowing floodwater by utilization of a water cushion. For... 相似文献
46.
Geographical variations in the trophic ecology of Japanese anchovy, Engraulis
japonicus, inferred from carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) and their stomach contents were examined and compared among various regions around Japan. Geographical variations in the
isotope ratios were found between inshore and Pacific offshore regions. While most of the anchovy samples had isotope ratios
around −17.6‰ for δ13C and 10.0‰ for δ15N as median values, higher (more enriched) isotope values were found in the anchovy sampled from inshore regions. On the contrary,
lower (more depleted) values were found mostly in the anchovy from the Pacific offshore region including the Kuroshio Extension
and Kuroshio-Oyashio transition zones. Higher carbon isotope ratios in the inshore regions may reflect a carbon source from
benthic primary producers in addition to phytoplankton possibly through the consumption of the larvae of benthic organisms
such as bivalves or decapods, which were found in the stomach contents of the inshore anchovy. Variations in the nitrogen
isotope ratio may reflect not only differences in the trophic level of prey species, but also variations in the baseline level
of food webs. Stable isotope ratios are potentially a useful tool for understanding the stock/population structure and migration
of anchovy. The present findings indicate the potential importance of the “inshore–offshore” variations in the biology of
Japanese anchovy populations in the northwestern Pacific waters. 相似文献
47.
Positive buoyancy in eel leptocephali: an adaptation for life in the ocean surface layer 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Katsumi Tsukamoto Yoshiaki Yamada Akihiro Okamura Toyoji Kaneko Hideki Tanaka Michael J. Miller Noriyuki Horie Naomi Mikawa Tomoko Utoh Satoru Tanaka 《Marine Biology》2009,156(5):835-846
Many planktonic organisms have adaptations such as floats or lighter substances to obtain buoyancy to help them remain in
the surface layer of the ocean where photosynthetic primary production occurs and food is most abundant. The almost totally
transparent eel larvae, called leptocephali, are a unique member of the planktonic community of the surface layer, but their
ecology and physiology are poorly understood. We conducted a comparative study on the specific gravity of planktonic animals
including 25 taxa of 7 phyla of marine invertebrates and 6 taxa of leptocephali (vertebrate) to gain a broad perspective on
the buoyancy of the eggs and larval stages of the Japanese eel. The specific gravity values of the various freshly caught
marine invertebrate taxa varied widely from 1.020 to 1.425, but leptocephali had some of the lowest values (1.028–1.043).
Artificially cultured live leptocephali had even greater buoyancies with specific gravities of 1.019–1.025 that were close
to or lower than seawater, and their buoyancy showed ontogenetic changes among the different early life history stages. Leptocephali
appear to have a unique mechanism of buoyancy control by chloride cells all over body surface through osmoregulation of body
fluid contained in the extracellular matrix of transparent gelatinous glycosaminoglycans filling their bodies. This adaptation
is likely a key factor for their survival by helping them to remain in the surface layer where food particles are the most
abundant, while being transparent for predator avoidance. The ontogenetic change in buoyancy of eel eggs, leptocephali and
glass eels likely enhances their larval survival, transport, and recruitment to terrestrial freshwater habitats. 相似文献
48.
A system dynamics approach for hospital waste management 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Healthcare services provided by hospitals may generate some infectious wastes. Although a large percentage of hospital waste is classified as general waste, which has similar nature as that of municipal solid waste and, therefore, could be disposed in municipal landfills, a small portion of infectious waste has to be managed in the proper manner in order to minimize risk to public health. Many factors involved in the hospital waste management system often link to one another, which require a comprehensive analysis to determine the role of each factor in the system. In this paper, we present a hospital waste management model based on system dynamics to determine the interaction among factors in the system using a software package, Stella. A case study of the City of Jakarta, Indonesia is selected. The hospital waste generation is affected by various factors including the number of beds in the hospitals and the NIMBY (not in my back yard) syndrome. To minimize the risk to public health, we found that waste segregation, as well as infectious waste treatment prior to disposal, has to be conducted properly by the hospital management, especially when scavenging takes place in landfill sites in developing countries. 相似文献
49.
An up-flow biological anoxic filter (BANF) has been developed to achieve high removal performance of suspended solids and BOD removal as well as nitrogen. With a view to understand treatment mechanisms, we developed a filtration model that incorporates filtration, deposit scoring and biological reactions simultaneously. The biological reactions consist of four types of reaction; dissolution of organic particles; utilization of dissolved organic matter; denitrification; and self-degradation of bacteria. Whereas the reactor is generally assumed to be a plug flow reactor in the filtration model, it is assumed a continuous-flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR) in the model of biological reactions. The hydrodynamics is supposed that the filter bottom (the portion sludge settled) is a CSTR and the filter bed (the portion filled with filter media) consists of number of CSTR of equal size arranged in series. The model obtained in this study was verified and simulated using experimental results taken from a pilot-scale plant and predicted the experimental data well, applying to design and operate BANF. 相似文献
50.
Kobayashi T Hirose J Sano K Hiro N Ijiri Y Takiuchi H Tamai H Takenaka H Tanaka K Nakano T 《Chemosphere》2008,72(4):659-665
We recently reported a system for inactivating antineoplastics in which sodium hypochlorite is supplied by the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution. In this study, we designed an electrolysis apparatus for inactivating the cytotoxicity of antineoplastics in clinical wastewater using the system. The apparatus consists of an electrolysis cell with platinum-iridium electrodes, a pool tank, a circulating system for wastewater, a safety system for explosive gas and overflow, and an exhaust duct. The free chlorine concentration increased linearly up to 6500 mg l(-1), and pH also increased to 9.0-10.0 within 2h, when 0.9% sodium chloride solution was electrolyzed. We examined its efficacy with model and clinical wastewaters. The reciprocal of dilution factor for disappearance of cytotoxicity using Molt-4 cells was compared before and after electrolysis. In the model wastewater, that was 9.10 x 10(4) before electrolysis, and 3.56 x 10(2) after 2h of electrolysis. In the clinical wastewater (n=26), that was 6.90 x 10(3)-1.02 x 10(6) before electrolysis, and 1.08 x 10(2)-1.45 x 10(4) after 2h of electrolysis. Poisonous and explosive gases released by the electrolysis were measured; however, they were found to be negligible in terms of safety. The environmental load was evaluated by carbon dioxide generation as an index and it was found that the carbon dioxide generated by the electrolysis method was 1/70 lower than that by the dilution method with tap water. Moreover, the cost of the electrolysis method was 1/170 lower than that of the dilution method. This method was found to be both effective and economically valuable. 相似文献