Size distribution and di use pollution impacts of PAHs in street dust in urban streams in the Yangtze River Delta

Particles of dust washed o streets by stormwater are an important pathway of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into urban streams. This article presented a comprehensive assessment of the size distribution of PAHs in street dust particles, the potential risks of the particles in urban streams, and the sources and sinks of PAHs in the stream network. This assessment was based on measurements of 16 PAHs from the USEPA priority list in street dust particles and river sediments in Xincheng, China. The content of total PAHs ranged from 1629 to 8986 g/kg in street dust particles, where smaller particles have a higher concentrations. Approximately 55% of the total PAHs were associated with particles less than 250 m which accounted for 40% of the total mass of street dust. The PAH quantities increased from 2.41 to 46.86 g/m2 in the sequence of new residential, rising through main roads, old town residential, commercial and industrial areas. The sediments in stream reaches in town were found to be sinks for street dust particle PAHs. The research findings suggested that particle size, land use and the hydrological conditions in the stream network were the factors which most influenced the total loads of PAH in the receiving water bodies.     

Two alternative modes for di use pollution control in Wuhan City Zoo

Pollution in urban zoos arises from diffuse and small point sources. However, its control has received little attention in past decades. Online and ofttine modes of ecological engineering technology were designed to control pollution from small point and diffuse sources in Wuhan City Zoo, China. Their characteristics and performances were investigated in sixteen runoff events from 2003 to 2005. The results showed that the two modes both improved runoff water quality and had high retention rates for water and pollutants. In the outflows, the event mean concentrations （EMCs） of total suspended solids （TSS）, chemical oxygen demand （COD）, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） were reduced by 88%, 59%, 46% and 71% for the online mode, and those were 77%, 42%, 50% and 66% for the ofttine mode. The annual retention rates of pollutant loads for the online mode were 94.9%-98.5% in the three study years; those for the ofitine mode were 70.5%-86.4%. Based on calculation, the online mode was able to store the runoff of 66.7 mm rainfall completely, and the ofttine mode could store that of 31.3 mm rainfall. In addition, the online mode can provide an effective way for rainwater utilization and good habitats for aquatic wildlives, and has an excellent aesthetics value for recreationsal pastimes. The ofiline mode can save land resources and may be an effective and economical measure for diffuse pollution control in urban areas.     

Pollutant loads of surface runo inWuhan City Zoo, an urban tourist area

The pollutant loads of surface runoff in an urban tourist area have been investigated for two years in the Wuhan City Zoo, China. Eight sampling sites, including two woodlands, three animal yards, two roofs and one road, were selected for sampling and study. The results indicate that pollutants ranked in a predictable order of decreasing load （e.g. animal yard〉roof〉woodland〉road）, with animal yards acting as the key pollution source in the zoo. Pollutants were transported mainly by particulate form in runoff. Particulate nitrogen and particulate phosphorous accounted on average for 61%, 78% of total pollutant, respectively, over 13 monitored rainfall events. These results indicate the treatment practices should be implemented to improve particulate nutrient removal. Analysis of the M（V） curve indicate that no first flush effect existed in the surface runoff from pervious areas （e.g. woodland, animal ground yard）, whereas a first flush effect was evident in runoff from impervious surfaces （e.g. animal cement yard, roof, road）.     

五种土壤吸附喹乙醇特性的研究

用振荡平衡法研究了喹乙醇在东北黑土、常熟水稻土、陕西潮土、南京黄棕壤和江西红壤中吸附行为及其影响因素.结果表明,喹乙醇在5种土壤中的吸附行为均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程进行良好的线性拟合.其吸附系数KF很小,分别为2.813,1.740,0.446,0.309和0.201,显示很难被土壤吸附.其KF与土壤有机质含量及阳离子交换量呈良好的相关性.而与土壤pH值及黏粒含量相关性较差.温度和离子强度均对喹乙醇在土壤中的吸附有一定影响,较低的温度和离子强度均有利于土壤对喹乙醇的吸附.     

畜粪蚯蚓处理后DOM变化及其与Cu(Ⅱ)的配合特性

研究了畜粪、木屑混合物经蚯蚓处理后水溶性有机物(DOM)分子量及荧光光谱变化.结果表明,经蚯蚓处理后畜粪、木屑混合物中DOM分子量呈整体降低趋势,分子量分布范围变宽,但其DOM分子量仍高于无蚯蚓处理;蚯蚓处理后混合物DOM中的富里酸含量及分子结构芳香化程度增加明显.进一步就蚯蚓处理前后DOM与Cu(Ⅱ)配合后的荧光光谱分析表明,蚯蚓处理后DOM更易与Cu(Ⅱ)产生配合反应并导致其直链变短或芳香基团的裂解;DOM中与Cu(Ⅱ)配合的基团主要包括—OH和—NH2等;且蚯蚓处理后DOM 中的富里酸类物质更易与Cu(Ⅱ)发生配合反应.     

负载型铜酞菁的制备及其催化氧化巯基乙醇

以3-(环己氧基)-邻苯二腈和氯化铜为原料,通过钼酸铵固相法合成了一种烷氧基取代的铜酞菁配合物α-四(环己氧基)铜酞菁(CuPc),采用浸渍法将其负载在MCM-41和SBA-15介孔分子筛中,制备了CuPc/MCM-41和CuPc/SBA-15催化剂,并且负载后的酞菁还能回收利用,仍然具有催化效果。采用紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-vis)、红外光谱(IR)对目标产物进行表征,并用TG对酞菁进行热稳定性分析,结果表明酞菁在200℃时开始失重,350℃时失重率最大为58%;通过氮气吸附对催化剂进行表征,证明酞菁已经进入到分子筛孔道,孔容积分别从0.132 cm3/g减至0.055 cm3/g和0.420 cm3/g减至0.202 cm3/g。研究了2种催化剂在不同pH、催化剂浓度下对巯基乙醇(ME)催化氧化性能的影响,结果表明,CuPc/SBA-15对巯基乙醇(ME)具有较高的催化活性,且2种催化剂的活性在pH=12时都达到最大。     

氨法脱硫试验研究分析

为研究氨法脱硫中气液比、吸收液pH值、吸收液浓度以及进口烟温对脱硫效果的影响,设计了一套实验台,以亚硫酸铵为吸收剂进行了实验研究和分析.结果表明,气液比越小,脱硫效率越高;吸收液pH值越大,脱硫效果越好;脱硫效率随吸收液浓度的增大先增加后减小,中间存在最大值;而温度对脱硫效果的影响不大.同时可根据此结果,气液比选择在0.2～0.25L/m3范围,pH值选择为6～7.5范围,吸收液浓度为5.5％左右时,可使脱硫效果达到最好.     

北方典型浅水湖泊沉积物有机碳沉积特征研究—以白洋淀为例

湖泊沉积物中有机碳是全球碳库的重要组成部分,为明确浅水湖泊沉积物中有机碳的沉积特征,采集了白洋淀的沉积柱样品,利用连续提取的方法,分析了沉积物自然沉积过程中水溶性有机碳（WSOC）、热解性有机碳（THOC）、酸解性有机碳（HHOC）、碱解性有机碳（AHOC）和不溶性有机碳（WISOC）的含量变化规律、光谱组分特征及影响因素.结果显示,各有机碳组分垂直方向上含量变化规律一致,均随深度增加呈下降趋势,表层20 cm左右的沉积物中有机碳组分含量普遍较高,含量特征呈WISOC>AHOC>HHOC>THOC>WSOC.用紫外光谱的特征参数SUVA₂₅₄、SUVA₂₈₀来分析溶解性有机碳的腐殖程度和分子量大小变化规律,发现腐殖程度与分子量大小变化趋势一致,WSOC和HHOC随深度增加呈增大趋势,THOC随深度增加呈减小趋势,AHOC在0~21 cm阶段随深度逐渐下降,在21~69 cm范围随深度逐渐上升.用A₃₀₀/A₄₀₀表征 有机碳分子构成,发现THOC、HHOC主要由富里酸构成,WSOC、AHOC主要成分为胡敏酸.用A₂₅₃/A₂₀₃表征芳环取代基的种类,发现WSOC、THOC、HHOC苯环上的脂肪链发生聚合反应转化为羰基、羧基等;AHOC的芳香分子上的取代基被微生物代谢分解或转化为脂肪链.相关性分析结果显示,沉积物有机碳及其各组分之间均呈显著正相关,沉积物中的有机碳组分在沉积过程中受到类似的矿化分解作用,且有机碳及其组分含量与C/N值、pH值呈显著负相关.研究成果揭示了白洋淀区域沉积环境中有机碳组分的分布及部分转化规律,可为进一步明确浅水 湖泊的碳源-汇的转换关系结构提供数据支持.     

基于凸形壁面的虚拟冲击式呼吸性粉尘采样器研究*

为研究满足BMRC曲线的呼吸尘采样器,提高呼吸尘采样的准确性,基于虚拟冲击原理,针对隔离主流和弱流通道壁面的形状,提出1种基于虚拟冲击原理的呼吸尘采样器的改进结构,并对不同模型进行模拟仿真实验,利用Ansys Fluent气-固2相流模拟采样器中的流场,对呼吸性粉尘颗粒在流场内的运动轨迹进行跟踪,对仿真得到的呼吸尘分离效能与BMRC曲线的标准进行对比。结果表明:相比采样器原型和主弱流壁面形状为“凹型”,虚拟冲击式呼吸尘采样器主弱流壁面形状为“凸型”时对呼吸尘采样的效果更好,同时分离效能与BMRC曲线的标准差为δ=2.65%,满足偏差小于等于5%的要求。研究结果可为呼吸尘采样器的优化设计提供参考。