磷石膏废渣对小麦生长及麦田N_2O排放影响与经济环境效益分析

磷化工业产生的大量废渣磷石膏污染环境、占用土地,尚未得到很好的治理和利用。文章研究磷石膏废渣资源化利用,探索其对小麦田氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放以及小麦生长以及产量的影响。结果表明:施用不同量的磷石膏废渣对小麦生长、产量以及麦田N_2O的排放量的影响有所不同。施用磷石膏2 100 kg/hm~2对小麦千粒重以及产量等都有显著影响,可增产达48.11%。同时在整个小麦生长季,与单施有机肥处理相比,施用磷石膏废渣2 100 kg/hm~2可减少麦田N_2O排放量达30.14%,且减排作用具有持续性,在小麦的拔节期、抽穗期以及灌浆期的减排效果尤为显著。与之相比施用磷石膏1050 kg/hm~2的各项效果都比较微弱。研究还表明施用45%复合肥900 kg/hm~2虽然也促进小麦生长,增加小麦产量,但在整个生长季会显著增加N_2O的排放54.70%。在施用磷石膏条件下,小麦的鲜重和产量与麦田N_2O排放呈现显著负相关,与麦田N_2O排放强度呈现显著正相关,即磷石膏在显著促进小麦生长的同时可以显著降低麦田N_2O的排放。以碳交易背景为基础,分析磷石膏减排剂的田经济环境效益,结果表明,施用磷石膏废渣2 100 kg/hm~2,麦田的收入与产出比由1∶9.93提高到1∶17.82,产出增加约79.46%,同时还能够累计减少N_2O的排放达161.71 kg/hm~2。每吨磷石膏废渣可以减少N_2O排放76.48 kg,折合减少CO_2排放22 944 kg,环境收益达到1 140.55元。磷石膏作为减排剂施用,不仅可以减少环境污染,还能促进小麦生长,减少N_2O排放,对发展生态农业并缓解温室效应具有重要的应用价值。     

非现场执法系统在高污染车辆区域限行中的应用

近年来,机动车尾气污染已成为影响城市空气质量的重要因素。2010年起南京市实施区域限行政策,以加快高污染在用车的淘汰更新。非现场执法系统在区域限行中的设计和应用．是提高限行执法效率和落实限行政策的新途径。     

塑胶运动场有机污染与热污染分析

本研究选择了合肥市有代表性的塑胶跑道和运动场,用GC-MS监测分析了塑胶跑道周围空气中刺激性气体的主要污染物成分;在不同天气条件下,对不同类型运动场地的热污染进行了对比测量分析;最后在上述研究分析的基础上对塑胶运动场的建设、使用提出了对策和建议。     

沙土中有机挥发物及无机物的测定研究

采用吹扫捕集-气质联用、顶空进样-气质联用、X射线荧光光谱法和二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸银分光光度法4种方法测定沙土中所含有的挥发性有机物以及无机物,检测出沙土中含有2-乙基己醇等5种有机挥发物和砷一种有害的无机物,对比了4种分析方法的效果。     

污水处理厂未来建造模式的选择及其措施探讨——立足于财政、财务角度的分析

面对城镇污水处理"十二五"规划目标,结合我国污水处理厂在规模、运行方式、组织方式以及经济效益方面的实际情况,从政府财政和污水处理厂财务角度进行污水处理厂未来建造模式的选择,并提出相关管理部门的相应措施,对于我国现阶段污水处理行业的进一步发展具有重要的指导意义。     

我国臭氧短期暴露与人群死亡风险的Meta分析

为评价中国臭氧短期暴露对人群死亡率的影响,获取臭氧污染与人群死亡的暴露-反应关系.检索了Pub Med、SCI(Science Ciation Index)、Ebsco、Ovid、中国生物医学文献数据库、维普中文科技期刊全文数据库、万方数据库和中国知网等,检索时间均为1990年1月1日至2014年12月31日,以"O3or ozone"、"mortality"、"China"、"臭氧"及"死亡"为关键词查找关于臭氧短期暴露对人群死亡率影响的文献.依据文献纳入和排除标准,进行文献筛选和质量评价.纳入文献后分别提取臭氧的暴露反应关系,采用Stata12.0软件进行Meta分析,根据异质性结果选择相应的效应模型合并效应值,并对结果进行敏感性分析、发表偏倚检验与校正.结果显示,大气中臭氧浓度每增加10μg·m-3,人群非意外总死亡率、心血管系统疾病和呼吸系统疾病死亡率分别增加0.40%(95%可信限(CI):0.303%~0.498%)、0.448%(95%CI:0.171%~0.724%)和0.461%(95%CI:0.225%~0.697%).与国外其它未纳入中国研究文献的Meta分析结果进行比较发现,中国的臭氧短期暴露对死亡风险影响的暴露-反应关系系数较高.大气中臭氧浓度的上升会导致我国人群非意外总死亡率、心血管系统疾病死亡率和呼吸系统疾病死亡率的增加.     

大气颗粒物对A549和HUVECs细胞的毒性作用

比较了A549和HUVECs 2种细胞对颗粒物的敏感度,以探讨大气颗粒物粒径对生物活性的影响. 采集北京市区PM_10～2.5、PM_2.5～0.1和PM_0.1,将A549和HUVECs细胞暴露于不同浓度的颗粒物悬浮液24 h后,用噻唑蓝(MTT)法测定细胞存活率,并用LDH试剂盒测定细胞培养液中LDH(乳酸脱氢酶)的含量. 结果表明:随着染毒剂量的增大,细胞存活率逐渐降低,并且呈剂量-反应关系;培养液中LDH浓度呈剂量依赖型增加;当染毒剂量>200 μg/mL时,PM_0.1的细胞致死率大于PM_10～2.5和PM_2.5～0.1(P<0.01);同一粒径的颗粒物对HUVECs的毒性比A549略大,但无统计意义. 因此,相对于粗颗粒物,细、超细颗粒物具有较大的细胞毒性,A549和HUVECs细胞对颗粒物的敏感度差异不显著.      

福建省突发性环境污染事故分析与防范对策

收集了2006—2010年福建省突发性环境污染事故数据和基础地图数据,运用GIS和简单统计分析方法,分析了福建省突发性环境污染事故的动态变化趋势、空间地域分布和时间分布状况;研究了福建省突发性环境污染事故的现状特点,包括事故的时空分布、事故中危险化学品的类型、事故的危害类型及等级划分等;总结了突发性环境污染事故的发展趋势,并提出了有针对性的事故风险防范对策。     

Preparations of TiO2 film coated on foam nickel substrate by sol-gel processes and its photocatalytic activity for degradation of acetaldehyde

Anatase TiO2 films were successfully prepared on foam nickel substrates by sol-gel technique using tetrabutyl titanate as precursor. The characteristics of the TiO2 films were investigated by XPS, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM and UV-Vis absorption spectra. The photocatalytic activities of TiO2 films were investigated by photocatalytic degradation reactions of gaseous acetaldehyde, an indoor pollutant, under ultraviolet light irradiation. It was found that Ni^2＋ doping into TiO2 films due to the foam nickel substrates resulted in the extension of absorption edges of TiO2 films from UV region to visible light region. The pre-heating for foam nickel substrates resulted in the formation of NiO layer, which prevented effectively the injection of photogenerated electrons from TiO2 films to metal nickel. The TiO2 films displayed high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of acetaldehyde, and were enhanced by calcining the substrates and coating TiO2 films repeatedly. The high activity was mainly attributed to the improvement of the characteristics of substrate surface and the increase of active sites on photocatalyst.     

ATR-FTIR and XPS study on the structure of complexes formed upon the adsorption of simple organic acids on aluminum hydroxide

Information on the binding of organic ligands to metal （hydr）oxide surfaces is useful for understanding the adsorption behaviour of natural organic matter on metal （hydr）oxide. In this study, benzoate and salicylate were employed as the model organic ligands and aluminum hydroxide as the metal hydroxide. The attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared （ATR-FTIR） spectra revealed that the ligands benzoate and salicylate do coordinate directly with the surface of hydrous aluminum hydroxide, thereby forming innersphere surface complexes. It is concluded that when the initial pH is acidic or neutral, monodentate and bridging complexes are to be formed between benzoate and aluminum hydroxide while bridging complexes predominate when the initial pH is alkalic. Monodentate and bridging complexes can be formed at pH 5 while precipitate and bridging complexes are formed at pH 7 when salicylate anions are adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide. The X-ray photoelectron （XP） spectra demonstrated the variation of C 1 s binding energy in the salicyate and phenolic groups before and after adsorption. It implied that the benzoate ligands are adsorbed through the complexation between carboxylate moieties and the aluminum hydroxide surface, while both carboxylate group and phenolic group are involved in the complexation reaction when salicylate is adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide. The information offered by the XPS confirmed the findings obtained with ATR-FTIR.