Landfill leachate treatment in assisted landfill bioreactor

Landfill is the major disposal route of municipal solid waste（MSW） in most Asian countries. Leachate from landfill presents a strong wastewater that needs intensive treatment before discharge. Direct recycling was proposed as an effective alternative for leachate treatment by taking the landfill as a bioreactor. This process was proved not only considerably reducing the pollution potential of leachate, but also enhancing organic degradation in the landfill. However, as this paper shows, although direct leachate recycling was effective in landfilled MSW with low food waste fraction （3.5%, w/w）, it failed in MSW containing 54% food waste, as normally noted in Asian countries. The initial acid stuck would inhibit methanogenesis to build up, hence strong leachate was yielded from landfill to threaten the quality of receiving water body. We demonstrated the feasibility to use an assisted bioreactor landfill, with a well-decomposed refuse layer as ex-situ anaerobic digester to reducing COD loading in leachate. By doing so, the refuse in simulated landfill column （2.3 m high） could be stabilized in 30 weeks while the COD in leachate reduced by 95%（61000 mg/L to 3000 mg/L）. Meanwhile, the biogas production was considerably enhanced, signaling by the much greater amount and much higher methane content in the biogas.     

Quantitative relationship between visibility and mass concentration of PM2.5 in Beijing

The pollution of particulate matter less than 2.5μm （PM2.5） is a serious environmental problem in Beijing. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 in 2001 from seasonal monitor results was more than 6 times that of the U,S, national ambient air quality standards proposed by U.S. EPA. The major contributors to mass of PM2.5 were organics, crustal elements and sulfate. The chemical composition of PM2.5 varied largely with season, but was similar at different monitor stations in the same season. The fine particles （PM2.5） cause atmospheric visibility deterioration through light extinction, The mass concentrations of PM2.5 were anti-correlated to the visibility, the best fits between atmospheric visibility and the mass concentrations of PM2.5 were somehow different： power in spring, exponential in summer, logarithmic in autumn, power or exponential in winter. As in each season the meteorological parameters such as air temperature and relative humidity change from day to day, probably the reason of above correlations between PM2.5 and visibility obtained at different seasons come from the differences in chemical compositions of PM2.5.     

Temporal-spatial distribution and variability of cadmium contamination in soils in Shenyang Zhangshi irrigation area, China

Heavy metal contamination in soils has been of wide concern in China in the last several decades. The heavy metal contamination was caused by sewage irrigation, mining and inappropriate utilization of various agrochemicals and pesticides and so on. The Shenyang Zhangshi irrigation area （SZIA） in China is a representative area of heavy metal contamination of soils resulting from sewage irrigation for about 30 years duration. This study investigated the spatial distribution and temporal variation of soil cadmium contamination in the SZIA. The soil samples were collected from the SZIA in 1990 and 2004; Cd of soils was analyzed and then the spatial distribution and temporal variation of Cd in soils was modelled using kriging methods. The kriging map showed that long-term sewage irrigation had caused serious Cd contamination in topsoil and subsoil. In 2004, the Cd mean concentrations were 1.698 and 0.741 mg/kg, and the maxima 10.150 and 7.567 mg/kg in topsoils （0-20 cm） and subsoils （20-40 cm） respectively. These values are markedly more than the Cd levels in the second grade soil standard in China. In 1990, the Cd means were 1.023 and 0.331 mg/kg, and the maxima 9.400 and 3.156 mg/kg, in topsoils and subsoils respectively. The soil area in 1990 with Cd more than 1.5 mg/kg was 2701 and 206.4 hnl2 in topsoils and subsoils respectively; and in 2004, it was 7592 and 1583 hm^2, respectively. Compared with that in 1990, the mean and maximum concentration of Cd, as well as the soil area with Cd more than 1.5 mg/kg had all increased in 2004, both in topsoils and subsoils.     

旋流折板厌氧反应器处理城市污水试验研究

为了探讨高效低耗的城市污水处理技术,对厌氧反应器处理城市污水进行了试验研究。试验结果表明:设有回流装置的异波折板穿孔旋流厌氧反应器对COD的去除率高于不设回流装置的异波折板跳跃式厌氧反应器10%以上;通过使出水回流到第5室,回流比为100%时,COD平均去除率为52%;通过调节第3、7室的pH值,可以抑制反应器内有机酸的积累,使出水COD的去除率可达70%。     

铁钛改性膨润土对铬的吸附性能研究

通过X-荧光分析I、R光谱分析、X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜分析手段对制备的铁钛改性膨润土进行了结构分析。研究了吸附剂用量、溶液pH、吸附时间等因素对Cr(VI)吸附行为的影响,比较了去除效果。结果表明:铁钛改性膨润土去除Cr(VI)的工艺条件为:吸附剂用量为6g/L,pH=3,吸附时间为15min,改性土对Cr(VI)的去除能力明显优于原土,处理Cr(VI)浓度为22mg/L左右的电镀废水,Cr(VI)去除率均在99%以上,残留Cr(VI)浓度低于国家综合排放标准(0.5mg/L)。     

生活垃圾填埋场填埋作业台阶甲烷排放研究

为了解我国生活垃圾填埋场填埋作业期间的甲烷排放情况,采用DM(Default Methodology)模型、LandGEM(Landfill Gas Emission Model)模型与静态箱法模拟和测试计算了杭州市天子岭生活垃圾填埋场填埋作业台阶1h的甲烷排放量,结果分别为3.65×103m3、1.52×103m3和1.11×103m3;与DM模型相比,LandGEM模型的模拟结果与现场测试结果更接近.生活垃圾填埋场在填埋作业台阶运行期间(约2年)产生的甲烷量约占理论产生总量的50%,而填埋气体主动收集系统收集率仅为43%,即在此期间未被收集利用而排放的甲烷量约占理论产生总量的29%.因此,调控填埋作业期间的甲烷排放是我国控制生活垃圾填埋场甲烷排放总量的关键之一.     

椒江口海域沉积物微生物群落及其对环境因子的响应

微生物群落在有机污染物生物地球化学循环中起着十分关键的作用。微生物群落结构和多样性及其变化在一定程度上反映了土壤的质量。宏基因组学能够在整体水平解析微生物群落结构,真实地揭示原位环境中微生物群落的复杂性和多样性。应用Illumina Mi Seq宏基因组高通量测序技术,在椒江口海域沉积物中鉴定得到古菌和细菌共33门类,变形菌门为明显的优势门类,其序列数占总数的62.1%。其他较为丰富的门类包括绿弯菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门。采用mothur软件计算Ace、Chao、Shannon、Simpson指数,结果发现,Ace、Chao的均值分别为511、518,Shannon在5.0左右,Simpson接近于0.02,显示出海域沉积物中微生物多样性较高且差异较小。通过微生物门类多样性与环境因子的相关性分析发现,PCB101、盐度和γ-氯丹对微生物门水平的群落分布具有显著性影响。计算微生物门类组成与环境因子间Spearman相关系数并绘图分析,温度、盐度、pH与多个微生物门类的组成和分布呈现明显的相关关系。     

对《水质急性毒性的测定发光细菌法》的改进和探讨

以国标（GB/T 15441—1995）方法中推荐使用的明亮发光杆菌T₃小种（Photobacterium phosphoreum T₃ spp.）为测试生物.针对《水质 急性毒性的测定 发光细菌法》（GB/T 15441—1995）,从数据处理、参比毒物和测定方法3个角度,对国标方法进行了改进。应用Origin 7.5程序对测试数据进行拟合,并选择出拟合效果较为理想的Sigmoidal函数与国标中使用的线性函数进行了拟合对比。针对国标中使用的剧毒性物质HgCl₂,选择了毒性较低的ZnSO₄ ·7H₂O作为替代参比物,并对2种金属离子的毒性测试数据进行了比较。因为使用的生物毒性测定仪的国标方法要求严格的操作并且步骤繁琐,选择利用酶标仪进行测定,并对2种方法进行了对比研究,验证了酶标仪使用的可行性。     

国家污染源监测数据管理系统构建

针对全国污染源监测数据管理和应用需求,设计了一套污染源监测数据指标集,分析了污染源排放达标评价对象及评价结果表征方法,突破了建立电子化排放标准库、数据录入全过程多层次质量控制等关键技术,并在需求分析、功能设计和技术方案选择的基础上,开发了覆盖国家、省、市3级应用的污染源监测数据管理信息软件平台,取得了很好的应用效果。     

浙江省水质自动监测管理系统构建

概述了各地在构建水质自动监测管理系统上的探索和不足。构建了水质自动监测管理系统,统一应用平台,利用仪器仪表标识集,实施监测数据辅助审核,完善数据预警统计分析功能;通过平台对现场端仪器自动巡检,实现数据集中化管理,完善水质自动监测质量控制体系,满足了环境管理需求。