利用电石渣制备多种晶形碳酸钙的研究

为了有效地利用电石渣资源,研究用电石渣为原料制备球形、板状形、针叶形碳酸钙.利用DTA-TG、SEM等研究了电石渣的预处理方式对碳酸钙纯度的影响和碳化反应温度、CO₂流量等对多晶型碳酸钙形成的影响.结果表明:电石渣可直接与氯化铵反应,当pH>7时,合成的碳酸钙的纯度大于97%,白度大于98.电石渣经过处理后,在不同的碳化反应温度及合适的CO₂流量的条件下分别可以得到球形、板状形、针叶形的碳酸钙.     

潜流人工湿地处理污染河水冬季运行及升温强化处理研究

考察了冬季潜流人工湿地污染河水处理系统在不同水力负荷下对污染物去除的效果.结果表明,水温15℃左右时,水力负荷由30cm/d降低到15cm/d后,氨氮转化率由14%上升到39%,COD的平均去除率由20%上升到31%,水温的降低对氨氮去除效果有很大的影响.在湿地表面覆盖塑料地膜能有效地提高系统对污染物的去除效果,覆盖地膜后,氨氮平均去除率由29.4%上升到67.6%,COD的平均去除率由29.0%提高到46.6%,脲酶活性由0.025 mg/(g·d)上升到0.037 mg/(g·d),脱氢酶的活性由0.17μL/(d·g)上升到4.54μL/(d·g).微生物活性研究表明,覆盖地膜后系统温度的升高能提高系统中微生物的活性.植物污染物质释放试验表明,冬季地表植物腐烂会向水中释放大量的污染物质,影响系统的净化效果,因此秋季应对湿地植物及时进行收割.     

船载雷达海冰监测及预报技术在辽东湾冰区油轮外输作业中的应用

渤海的辽东湾是世界上典型的海湾结冰区,位于冰区中的石油平台油轮外输作业中,流冰连续不断地漂移、聚集形成堆积冰,给海上油轮的外输作业安全带来严重危害。本文概述了在国内首次利用船载雷达,在该湾冰区石油平台上,现场采用雷达海冰监测预报技术系统,进行遥感海冰数据源的获取,图像的解译和数值化处理,得到流冰类型、冰厚度、流冰密集度、流冰速度、方向、流冰漂移轨迹等要素。同时首次现场实时计算出雷达冰漂流场矢量图,并开展了雷达海冰数值跟踪预报,在冰区油轮外输作业中得到很好应用,为雷达技术对水体和海冰监测和预报、遥感应用新领域提供科学依据。     

Simultaneous phosphorus and nitrogen removal in a continuous-flow two-sludge system

The ability of simultaneous biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal was investigated in a lab-scale continuous-flow two-sludge system. Alternating anaerobic and anoxic conditions were combined with contact oxidation stage for treating raw municipal wastewater. Long-term experiments showed that the contradiction of competing for the organic substrate between denitrifying bacteria and PAOs （phosphorus accumulating organisms） in traditional phosphorus and nitrogen removal system has been resolved. The system can adapt to low influent COD/TN ratio （C/N）. Furthermore the SRT （sludge retention time） of nitrifying sludge and denitrifying phosphorus removal sludge can be controlled at optimal conditions respectively. The removal efficiency of COD, TP, TN, and NH4-N was 81.78%, 92.51%, 75.75%, and 84.47% respectively. It was also found that the appropriate influent C/N should be controlled at the range of 3.8-6, while the optimal C/N to the system ranged between 4-5, and the BFR （bypass sludge flow rate） should be controlled at 0.35 around.     

Leaching behavior of Pb and Zn in air pollution control residues and their modeling prediction

Increasing attention has been paid to air pollution control （APC） residues in China recently due to the rising proportion of waste incineration and the hazardous characteristics of the residues, among which heavy metal leaching toxicity plays an important role. Leaching behavior and potential risk of Pb and Zn in the APC residues from a Shanghai municipal solid waste （MSW） incinerator was studied, based on the leaching tests under different conditions and theoretical calculation using a geochemical thermodynamic equilibrium model MINTEQA2. Results showed that, extractant species and liquid to solid （L/S） ratio predominantly controlled the leaching toxicity of Pb and Zn, while ionic strength, vibration method and leaching time had less effect on the metals release. Leachate/final pH determined the metal leaching behavior, which changed the speciation of heavy metals in the extraction system. The equilibrium aqueous speciation, precipitation-dissolution of Pb and Zn was investigated according to the model computation, which was well in agreement with the experimental results.     

长江中下游流域降水分区及其气象干旱时间变化特征

基于1961~2015年逐月降水格点数据,首先通过系统聚类法对长江中下游流域进行降水分区,然后以标准化降水指数为指标,结合小波分析方法,探讨了长江中下游流域各亚区气象干旱的时间演变规律及周期变化特征。结果表明：（1）空间上,可将长江中下游流域分为6个降水亚区,即：大巴山地农业区（Ⅰ）、湘鄂贵渝山地农业区（Ⅱ）、鄂中东平原农业区（Ⅲ）、湘赣平原丘陵农业区（Ⅳ）、鄱阳湖平原农业区（Ⅴ）和长江三角洲平原农业区（Ⅵ）。（2）不同降水亚区干湿事件交替过程存在差异,Ⅵ区与其它亚区差异较大,Ⅱ区、Ⅳ区和Ⅴ区的干湿事件具有相似的时间演变模式;除Ⅵ区外,2000年后其它降水亚区干旱发生频率增加明显。（3）不同降水亚区气象干旱的第一主周期存在差异,北部（Ⅰ区、Ⅲ区、Ⅵ区）和南部（Ⅱ区、Ⅳ区、Ⅴ区）具有明显的区域分化特征,但各气候亚区大都显示出3.5年左右的显著周期。研究结果可为长江中下游流域各亚区气象干旱驱动因素的解释、干旱监测计划的制定、水资源的管理和旱灾的防治提供参考依据。     

家庭借贷、经营规模与农户土地经营意愿基于小农户、中农户和大农户分化视角

以陕西、甘肃、宁夏及青海4省区农户调查数据为依据,实证分析家庭借贷、经营规模对农户土地经营意愿的影响,并基于分化视角对农户土地经营行为选择问题进行探讨.结果 表明:(1)家庭借贷获得是农户进行差异化土地经营决策的重要机理因素,在农业信贷刺激下现有农户多选择转入、转出或参与土地入股,表明农贷扩张有益于土地经营规模适度集中;(2)经营规模显著影响农户的土地经营意愿,但随规模分化产生效应不同.以小农户为参照组,中等规模和大规模农户选择转出土地经营权的意愿最强,选择转入土地经营权意愿最弱;(3)经营收益对农户土地经营意愿的影响最为敏感.可以认为,土地经营收益的稳定增长及其保障制度的不断完善是农户从事土地经营发展的基础性支撑.研究在一定程度上拓展了新古典经济学中有关规模经济与效率的理论解释,并为促进农户土地经营规模适度、比较收益提高的农业发展方式提供了有效的参考与建议.     

内蒙古自治区地质灾害及防治

内蒙古自治区地处我国北部边疆,区内地貌类型多样,地质环境条件较为复杂,自然因素和人为活动诱发了大量的崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害,严重危及了人类生存的环境,在一定程度上制约了自治区的经济建设与发展。在收集已有资料的基础上,经过分析总结,归纳出自治区地质灾害的种类、分布范围及危害程度。同时依据地质灾害专项调查成果,在综合考虑地形地貌、岩土体类型等地质环境背景条件的基础上,采用比拟法,对全区的地质灾害进行了灾害易发区划分,并针对内蒙古地质灾害状况与分布,提出了防治的基本指导思想和原则。最后,依据地质灾害易发程度分区,按照“以人为本”的原则,结合国土资源的重要性,划分出重点防治区,提出了相应的防治对策。     

The Status of Pesticide Residues in the Drinking Water Sources in Meiliangwan Bay, Taihu Lake of China

The study was carried out to assess the levels of pesticide residues in the water of Meiliangwan Bay, Taihu Lake of China. The most commonly employed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) and herbicide atrazine were analyzed. The water samples were collected seasonally from Meiliangwan Bay within a period of one year. The pesticides were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) with μECD or NPD after solid-phase extraction (SPE), which was confirmed by GC with an ion trap mass spectrometry (MS). The mean concentrations were 1.98 ng/l for lindane, 0.378 ng/l for heptachlor epoxide, 0.367 ng/l for p,p′-DDE, 0.496 ng/l for p,p′-DDD, 1.06 ng/l for p,p′-DDT and 51.6 ng/l for dichlorvos, 39.0 ng/l for demeton, 346 ng/l for dimethoate, 4.12 ng/l for methyl parathion, 11.6 ng/l for malathion, 2.17 ng/l for parathion and 217 ng/l for atrazine. Generally, low concentrations of OCP were found, whereas the concentrations of the OPPs and atrazine in the water of Taihu Lake were relatively high. Heptachlor epoxide and lindane were the two most commonly encountered OCPs while dichlorvos, demeton and dimethoate were found to have much higher concentrations and occurrences than other OPPs.     

基于指标气体关联分析的煤自燃分级预警研究

为准确预警煤炭自然发火,基于程序升温试验,获得指标气体与温度间的关系,并将起始温度V0和特征温度点V1、V2、V3时刻的碳氧化物比率作为预警界限,设定4级预警机制,采用灰色关联分析法关联性分析采空区和上隅角CO气体体积分数和碳氧化物比率,按照关联等级的高低细化4级预警机制,同时选取典型案例,详细展示该预警机制下的预警流...