基于GIS与栅格数据的安徽省人居环境自然适宜性测评

科学度量人居环境自然背景的适宜性,有助于合理引导人口分布与流动,促进区域人口、资源环境协调发展。运用GIS技术,以250 m×250 m栅格为基本单元,选取气候、地形、水文、地被、自然灾害等因子,构建人居环境自然适宜性评价模型,定量测评安徽省人居环境自然适宜程度,剖析各类型区的适宜性和限制性。研究表明：安徽省人居环境指数介于33.64～74.58之间,人居环境自然适宜性总体较好,绝大部分地区适宜人类居住,适宜性在空间上大体呈现南高北低的态势,与现有人口分布格局相反。一般适宜区面积最广,占安徽省总面积的46.08%;比较适宜区次之,占31.29%;高度适宜区占22.54%;临界适宜区面积最小,仅占0.08%。安徽省近61.16%的人口分布在一般适宜区,高度适宜区与比较适宜区人口所占比例不足40%,临界适宜区人口极为稀少。地形起伏度和水文指数是造成全省人居环境自然适宜性分异的主要因子,测评结果较为客观地反映了安徽省人居环境的自然本底。全省人口生存与发展的空间较大,人口流动与集聚的适宜范围较广。 关键词： 人居环境;自然适宜性;栅格;GIS;安徽省     

WRF模式参数化方案对江西山地风电场的风模拟研究

在WRF模式中选取不同的陆面过程、边界层以及近地面层参数化方案,设计了6种不同的参数化方案组合,模拟江西省某高山风电场测风塔2016年1月和2017年1月逐时风速、风向,并与同期实测数据进行比较,选出MRF边界层参数、WSM3微物理过程参数和Noah陆面过程参数作为最优参数化组合方案。对最优参数化组合方案的模拟结果进行整一年的逐时模拟效果检验,结果表明：最优参数化组合方案对全年风速模拟效果较好,模拟结果风速日变化趋势及风速段（0~24时）分布与实测基本一致,模拟的风速峰值及概率偏大,主要是由于模式的精度不足以准确描述山地风场复杂下垫面造成的。模式最优参数化方案对风向模拟与实测主导风向分布一致且风向频率相似     

Persistent organochlorine residues in sediments of the Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River in Tianjin, China

Persistent organochlorine compounds were analyzed by means of GC-ECD in surface sediment samples from two selected rivers in Tianjin, Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River. A total of 16 surface sediment sites were selected along the both rivers. The frequency of detection of T-HCH and T-DDT in sediment samples both was up to 100%, which illustrated that the contamination of HCH and DDT was widespread in Haihe and Dagu Drainage Rivers. Results indicated that the concentrations of various pesticides in sediments from Haihe River were in the range of 3.30-75.96 ng/g dw for T-HCH and 1.57-211.57 ng/g dw for T-DDT. Compared with Haihe River, Dagu Drainage River was contaminated by HCHs and DDTs along the all locations and the values of T-HCH and T-DDT residues in sediments ranged from 2.30 to 124.61 ng/g dw and from 11.28 to 237.30 ng/g dw, respectively, The possible pollution sources were analyzed through monitoring results of organochlorine pesticides（OCPs） residues in sediments from the two rivers. The investigation also indicated that HCH was still used as pesticide in Tianjin partial area.     

容积负荷对ABR-MBR工艺反硝化除磷性能的影响

采用连续流ABR-MBR组合工艺处理生活污水,研究不同容积负荷(volume loading rate,VLR)对该工艺反硝化除磷性能的影响,获得最佳工艺参数.试验考察ABR进水容积负荷(以COD计,下同)分别为0.76、1.01、1.51和2.27 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)时系统去碳脱氮除磷的性能,并在各ABR容积负荷条件下考察MBR容积负荷对MBR反应器硝化性能的影响.结果表明,在ABR进水容积负荷为1.51 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)的条件下,系统A2隔室COD去除量最大,并在MBR容积负荷为0.462 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)时,MBR反应器中实现了短程硝化,系统NH_4~+-N和TN去除率分别达到90%和72%以上,厌氧释磷量为7.41 mg·L~(-1),缺氧吸磷量达到15.42 mg·L~(-1),出水PO_4~(3-)-P浓度低于0.5 mg·L~(-1),这表明短程硝化更有利于强化ABR-MBR系统的反硝化除磷性能.     

内标法与外标法测定废气中挥发性有机化合物

目前采用热脱附-气相色谱-质谱法测定废气中挥发性有机化合物时多使用外标法。实验对比了内标法与外标法测定时存在的差异,发现大多数VOCs内标法的回收率均高于外标法,且内标法的相对标准偏差普遍小于外标法,内标法测定的准确度和精密度均优于外标法。内标法的标准曲线可使用更长时间,对于大量样品的测定非常有利;而外标法必须每次测定时重新绘制新曲线。故废气中VOCs测定工作推荐使用内标法定量。     

厌氧氨氧化启动过程及微生物群落结构特征

采用UASB反应器以体积比1∶2接种实验室培养的具有厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)功能的厌氧污泥和城市污水厂的好氧污泥,耗时17 d成功启动ANAMMOX反应,启动阶段分为菌体水解期、活性提高期和稳定运行期.稳定运行后,逐步提高反应器容积负荷富集厌氧氨氧化菌,当容积负荷由0.10 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)增至0.44 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)时,总氮(TN)去除负荷也随之由0.09 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)提高到0.42 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),反应器污泥逐渐由浅红色加深,粒径大于0.2 mm的污泥所占比例由10.90%增至38.37%.采用高通量测序对接种污泥和负荷提高期的污泥进行检测,其中绿曲挠菌门(Chloroflexi)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、WWE3门、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)等占据主导.随着厌氧氨氧化菌富集程度的增大,脱氮功能菌中的变形菌门所占比例逐渐减少,从21.60%降至14.20%,而浮霉菌门随之增多,相对丰度由0.73%升至15.50%.当反应器的容积负荷增到0.44 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)时,浮霉菌门中,Candidatus Brocadia属、Candidatus Jettenia属和Candidatus Kuenenia属是主要菌属,Candidatus Brocadia属占13.40%,是主要的厌氧氨氧化菌属.     

地下土壤渗滤系统处理农村生活污水应用研究

研究了地下土壤渗滤系统在农村生活污水处理中的应用,并详细地比较了面积分别为9,45,90 m2以及200 m2的处理系统在工程实际中出水水质的不同.实验结果表明,随着土地处理系统面积的增大,出水的各个水质指标(CODCr、BOD5、TP、NH3-N)相应变好.结合施工、运行及管理等方面的优点,推荐收集各户生活污水再集中建设土地处理系统,系统面积在90-300 m2之间.     

炼化常减压装置挥发性有机物无组织源谱分析

以典型常减压装置中工艺管线无组织逸散VOCs为切入点,选取不同地域的多套常减压装置,参照美国EPA包袋法采样标准,并按照HJ 644-2013标准将气态样品转移到组合三吸附管内,利用气相色谱-质谱仪进行分析检测.结果表明,常减压装置无组织排放的VOCs共含116种物质,以烷烃类、烯烃类和醛酮类物质占主导,其中烷烃类物质占总排放的65%以上.在此基础上,对检出物质占比量进行量化分析,明确了常减压装置VOCs无组织排放因子以2-甲基丁烷、丁烯和苯等物质为主,并检出了微量的萘.相关结论可为炼化企业构建VOCs排放清单提供有力支撑,对于后续精细化管理炼化行业的VOCs排放具有指导意义.     

Uptake and accumulation of phenanthrene and pyrene in spiked soils by Ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.)

Phytoremediation has long been recognized as a cost-effective method for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） from soil. A study was conducted to investigate the uptake and accumulation of PAHs in root and shoot of Lolium perenne L. Pot experiments were conducted with series of concentrations of 3.31-378.37 mg/kg for phenanthrene and those of 4.22-365.38 mg/kg for pyrene in a greenhouse. The results showed that both ryegrass roots and shoots did take up PAHs from spiked soils, and generally increased with increasing concentrations of PAH in soil. Bioconcentration factors（BCFs） of phenanthrene by shoots and roots were 0.24- 4.25 and 0.17-2.12 for the same treatment. BCFs of pyrene by shoots were 0.20-1.5, except for 4.06 in 4.32 mg/kg treatment, much lower than BCFs of pyrene by roots （0.58-2.28）. BCFs of phenanthrene and pyrene tended to decrease with increasing concentrations of phenanthrene and pyrene in soil. Direct uptake and accumulation of these compounds by Lolium perenne L. was very low compared with the other loss pathways, which meant that plant-promoted microbial biodegradation might be the main contribution to plant-enhanced removal of phenanthrene and pyrene in soil. However, the presence of Lolium perenne L. significantly enhanced the removal of phenanthrene and pyrene in spiked soil. At the end of 60 d experiment, the extractable concentrations of phenanthrene and pyrene were lower in planted soil than in non-planted soil, about 83.24%-91.98% of phenanthrene and 68.53%-84.10% of pyrene were removed from soils, respectively. The results indicated that the removal of PAHs in contaminated soils was a feasible approach by using Lolium perenne L.