邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的酶促降解性的研究

测定了Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｓ ＦＳ１的邻苯二甲酸酯降解酶对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的降解特性;提出了邻苯二甲酸二丁酯酶促降解的途径,Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｓ ＦＳ１细胞中的颗粒部分、溶液部分对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯都具有降解作用,Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｓ ＦＳ１的邻苯二甲酸酯降解酶尾胞内酶;Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｓ ＦＳ１     

Polychlorinated biphenyls contamination in urban soil of Shanghai: level, compositional profiles and source identification

Surface soil samples taken from 55 sampling sites at the urban areas of Shanghai were collected and analyzed for the occurrence of 144 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by GC-μECD. The results showed that totally 74 PCB congeners were identified and the mean concentration of total PCBs was 3057 ng kg⁻¹ with a range of 232 to 11325 ng kg⁻¹. Compared with the related reports, the level of PCBs contamination in this study was approximately equal to the global background value in soils, but higher than Chinese background for rural and urban soils. According to the compositional profiles of PCBs homologues, a higher proportion of low chlorinated (from tri-CBs to hexa-CBs) was observed. The results indicated that PCB15 + 13, PCB18, PCB28, PCB104 + 47 and PCB153 were the most dominant congeners among the identified PCBs. Through homologues analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA), it was found that PCBs were stretched from mixed local sources, and appeared to be mostly originated by Aroclor 1260- and 1254-like mixtures as well as some samples influenced by Aroclor 1232 and 1242. The correlation analysis showed the relatively good correlation among the PCB homologues and soil total organic carbon (TOC), suggesting important influence of soil TOC on PCBs contamination in soil matrix in Shanghai region. The toxic equivalency (TEQ) concentrations of these six dioxin-like PCBs detected in urban soil samples range from 2.71 to 24.9 pg kg⁻¹-PCDDeq with a mean 8.18 pg kg⁻¹-PCDDeq.     

Seasonal and spatial changes of free and bound organic acids in total suspended particles in Guangzhou,China

The concentrations and compositions of free and bound organic acids in total suspended particles from typical urban, suburban and forest park sites of Guangzhou were determined in this study. The free form of organic acids (solvent extractable) in aerosols in Guangzhou varied with site and season. The suburban samples contained the highest contents of alkanoic, alkenoic and dicarboxylic acids. These findings were consistent with a higher supply of hydrocarbons and NOx in the suburban area. However, concentrations of aromatic acids were similar in the urban, suburban and forest park sites. Generally, winter season samples of the acids from anthropogenic sources contained more organic acids than summer season samples due to stronger removal by wet deposition in the summer. For the acids from botanic sources, the summer season samples were higher. In addition to the free acids, bound acids (solvent non-extractable) mainly formed by esterification of free acids were also found in the samples. In general, bound acids were higher than free acids. Esterification is mainly controlled by the pKa of organic acids and the atmospheric pH value. This explains why aromatic and dicarboxylic acids occur mainly as bound forms and why the samples from urban sites contained high levels of bound acids as the pH of rain water can reach 4.53.Concentrations of alkanoic and alkenoic acids in the aerosols of Guangzhou were much higher than those in the other areas studied.     

Preliminary study on the occurrence and distribution of polycyclic musks in a wastewater treatment plant in Guandong, China

The occurrence and distributions of six polycyclic musks were studied in influent, primary and effluent waters from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Guangdong. Five polycyclic musk compounds, 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-1,1,2,3,3-pentamethyl-4H-inden-4-one (DPMI), 4-acetyl-1,1-dimethyl-6-tert-butylindan (ADBI), 6-acetyl-1,1,2,3,3,5-hexamethylindan (AHMI), 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta(g)-2-benzopyran (HHCB) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN) were found in wastewater in the WWTP. DPMI, HHCB and AHTN were measured at 0.38-0.69, 11.5-146, 0.89-3.47 microg/l, respectively, in influents. Meanwhile 0.06-0.10 microg/l DPMI, 0.95-2.05 microg/l HHCB, 0.10-0.14 microg/l AHTN were detected in effluents, ADBI and AHMI were also detected in some primary waters and effluents. The results suggested that wastewater from cosmetic plants cause high loadings of polycyclic musks to this WWTP. Under the currently applied treatment technology, the removal efficiencies achieved were 61-75% for DPMI, 86-97% for HHCB and 87-96% for AHTN by transfer to sludge as the main removal route.     

小尺度滴灌棉田土壤硝态氮空间异质性研究

以1 m×0.8 m网格布点采集的土壤样为研究对象,从统计特征值、半方差函数和等直线图几个方面,对比分析3个时期土壤硝态氮养分的空间和时间变异特性。结果表明,各时期的变异系数受棉花的生长、田间作业影响较大。播前和收获期土壤硝态氮的空间结构符合球状模型,初花期则为线性模型,表明硝态氮含量变异是结构性与随机性共同作用的结果。硝态氮的空间变异性播前主要受结构因素影响;初花期主要受随机因素影响;收获后硝态氮含量的空间异质性变化人为因素大于结构因素。     

污灌区重金属污染对土壤的危害

由于土壤中重金属元素的含量对人体健康影响很大,淮阴市环境监测中心站于１９９３年至１９９７年造反某污灌区中０．６６７ｈｍ＾２的蔬菜田及其邻近的某一地下水灌区中０．６６７ｈｍ＾２的蔬菜田按梅花布点法分别布设８个测点,对其土壤中的总镉、总汞、总砷、总铬和总锅进行监测。结果表明,地下水藻区５年来综合污染指数变化不大,污染等级属安全级,说明该灌区没有受到重金属污染,而污灌区的综合污染指数逐年增高,１９９５年     

含锑工业废水的样品保存方法研究

选取5-Br-PADAP光度法和原子吸收法分析预处理后水样的保存效果,经检测发现利用HNO,-HC1溶液作为固定剂,调节pH〈1后在无色玻璃瓶中贮存的样品,常温下可保存31d,锑回收率达95％以上,同时前处理带入的干扰离子最少,能够满足验收废水监测中质量控制要求。     

Comparison of elemental and black carbon measurements during normal and heavy haze periods: implications for research

Studies specifically addressing the elemental carbon (EC)/black carbon (BC) relationship during the transition from clean-normal (CN) air quality to heavy haze (HH) are rare but have important health and climate implications. The present study, in which EC levels are measured using a thermal-optical method and BC levels are measured using an optical method (aethalometer), provides a preliminary insight into this issue. The average daily EC concentration was 3.08?±?1.10 μg/m³ during the CN stage but climbed to 11.77?±?2.01 μg/m³ during the HH stage. More importantly, the BC/EC ratio averaged 0.92?±?0.14 during the CN state and increased to 1.88?±?0.30 during the HH state. This significant increase in BC/EC ratio has been confirmed to result partially from an increase in the in situ light absorption efficiency (σ _ap) due to an enhanced internal mixing of the EC with other species. However, the exact enhancement of σ _ap was unavailable because our monitoring scheme could not acquire the in situ absorption (b _ap) essential for σ _ap calculation. This reveals a need to perform simultaneous measurement of EC and b _ap over a time period that includes both the CN and HH stages. In addition, the sensitivity of EC to both anthropogenic emissions and HH conditions implies a need to systematically study how to include EC complex (EC concentration, OC/EC ratio, and σ _ap) as an indicator in air quality observations, in alert systems that assess air quality, and in the governance of emissions and human behaviors.     

广州市灰霾期PM10的化学组成对能见度的影响

采集广州市大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)样品,并分别对冬、夏两季灰霾和非灰霾期PM10中有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)和水溶性离子进行分析。广州市灰霾期大气PM10中的主要化学成分按质量浓度大小排序为OC>NO3->SO24->NH4+>EC(非灰霾期则依次为OC>SO24->EC>NH4+>NO3-),其质量浓度分别为非灰霾期的4.7、12.5、3.7、3.2和2.3倍。相关性分析表明,灰霾期总碳[TC(OC+EC)]及NO3-的质量浓度对大气能见度的降低起主要作用,而非灰霾期则主要是TC和SO24-。     

LPG船液货泄漏事故风险评估系统研究

通过对液化石油气(LPG)船舶液货舱泄漏事故危险度因素分析,建立液化气液体货物泄漏源强、蒸气释放源强和蒸气扩散计算模型,并制定泄漏事故风险评价流程,基于VB语言编写泄漏事故风险评估系统。利用该系统能够计算得出泄漏事故发生后蒸发气在不同时刻不同区域的蒸发气浓度、爆炸或火灾后对生命财产的伤害半径以及伤害程度等相关参数。对某航行状态下的LPG实船进行模拟分析,结果表明能够对LPG船舶泄漏事故进行有效风险评估,并能对船舶航行安全应急预案的制定和事故后海事鉴定提供一定的技术帮助。