温带季节性分层水库浮游植物功能类群的时空演替

为探究我国北方温带季节性分层水库浮游植物群落结构的时空演替特性,于2014年7月~2015年6月对山东枣庄市水源水库周村水库进行每月2次的分层采样分析,采用Renolyds和Padisák等提出的功能类群划分方法对水库浮游植物群落进行分类,并结合水库水文、水质,分析优势功能类群时空演替规律及其主要环境影响因子.结果表明:周村水库共检出浮游植物112种,隶属于7门63属,可划分为18个功能群类.周村水库浮游植物功能类群演替具有明显的季节性分布特性:其中夏秋季热分层期主要以鞘丝藻(Lyngbya sp.)、螺旋藻属(Spirulina sp.)等丝状蓝藻为代表的S₁功能类群占优势,而冬季混合期以梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、针杆藻(Synedra sp.)等能适应低温、弱光的C+D功能类群为优势群落;浮游植物功能类群分布在垂向上并无较大差异.冗余分析(RDA)显示:热分层、降雨量和水温是影响浮游植物功能类群时空演替的主要环境因子.     

海岛非点源污染负荷估算方法研究

基于流域单元思想,提出一种非点源污染负荷估算方法：借助GIS提取模拟河网,识别流域边界,并划分汇水区和子流域,为流域非点源污染的估算提供基础的数据平台.在此基础上,与土地利用专题图叠加,计算各子流域内不同土地利用类型的面积,构建非点源负荷系统,利用各污染排放系数和入海系数,结合多年的降雨量,并引入坡度因子作为限制条件,估算污染负荷总量.结果显示,南长山岛非点源全氮、全磷年负荷量分别为11539kg和2025kg.氮污染中,各污染源强的贡献率依次为居民生活> 大气沉降> 土地利用> 畜禽养殖;磷污染中,各污染源强的贡献率依次为居民生活> 土地利用> 大气沉降> 畜禽养殖.基于此,探讨海岛地区非点源污染排放特征及对水环境质量影响,可为海岛地区污染物总量调控和环境健康发展提供一种技术方法.     

Using regression models to evaluate the formation of trihalomethanes and haloacetonitriles via chlorination of source water with low SUVA values in the Yangtze River Delta region,China

The purpose of this study was to develop the multiple regression models to evaluate the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetonitriles (HANs) during chlorination of source water with low specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) in Yangtze River Delta, China. The results showed that the regression models of THMs exhibited good accuracy and precision, and 86–97 % of the calculated values fell within ±25 % of the measured values. While the HANs models showed relatively weak evaluation ability, as only 75–83 % of the calculated values were within ±25 % of the measured values. The organic matter [dissolved organic carbon (DOC) or UV absorbance at 254 nm] and bromide exerted the most important influence on the formation of HANs. While for THMs, besides the organic matter and bromide, reaction time was also a key factor. Comparing the models for total THMs (T-THMs) in this study with others revealed that the regression models from the low SUVA waters may have low DOC coefficients, but high bromide coefficients as compared with those from the high SUVA waters.     

Effects of sepiolite on stabilization remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil and its ecological evaluation

Stabilization in the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils has been gaining prominence because of its cost-effectiveness and rapid implementation. In this study, microbial properties such as microbial community and enzyme activities, chemical properties such as soil pH and metal fraction, and heavy metal accumulation in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) were considered in assessing stabilization remediation effectiveness using sepiolite. Results showed that soil pH values increased with rising sepiolite concentration. Sequential extraction results indicated that the addition of sepiolite converted significant amounts of exchangeable fraction of Cd and Pb into residual form. Treatments of sepiolite were observed to reduce Cd and Pb translocation from the soil to the roots and shoots of spinach. Concentrations of Cd and Pb exhibited 12.6%–51.0% and 11.5%–46.0% reduction for the roots, respectively, and 0.9%–46.2% and 43.0%–65.8% reduction for the shoots, respectively, compared with the control group. Increase in fungi and actinomycete counts, as well as in catalase activities, indicated that soil metabolic recovery occurred after sepiolite treatments.     

Improved blending strategy for membrane modification by virtue of surface segregation using surface-tailored amphiphilic nanoparticles

Membrane modification is one of the most feasible and effective solutions to membrane fouling problem which tenaciously hampers the further augmentation of membrane separation technology. Blending modification with nanoparticles (NPs), owing to the convenience of being incorporated in established membrane production lines, possesses an advantageous viability in practical applications. However, the existing blending strategy suffers from a low utilization efficiency due to NP encasement by membrane matrix. The current study proposed an improved blending modification approach with amphiphilic NPs (aNPs), which were prepared through silanization using 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMSPMA) as coupling agents and ZnO or SiO₂ as pristine NPs (pNPs), respectively. The Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses revealed the presence of appropriate organic components in both the ZnO and SiO₂ aNPs, which verified the success of the silanization process. As compared with the pristine and conventional pNP-blended membranes, both the ZnO aNP-blended and SiO₂ aNP-blended membranes with proper silanization (100% and 200%w/w) achieved a significantly increased blending efficiency with more NPs scattering on the internal and external membrane surfaces under scanning electron microscope observation. This improvement contributed to the increase of membrane hydrophilicity. Nevertheless, an extra dosage of the TMSPMA led to an encasement of NPs, thereby adversely affecting the properties of the resultant membranes. On the basis of all the tests, 100% (w/w) was selected as the optimum TMSPMA dosage for blending modification for both the ZnO and SiO₂ types.

Open image in new window

     

快速城市化进程中海岛景观格局演变及驱动机制以大长山岛为例

城市化进程改变了区域的景观结构,引起了景观格局的变化。以大长山岛两期景观分布图为数据源,运用景观生态学的理论与方法,利用景观格局指数定量分析了1995~2006年景观格局的动态变化特征,在此基础上借助CA-Markov模型对大长山岛2017年景观格局进行了模拟与预测,并探讨了景观格局演变驱动机制。结果表明:大长山岛在快速城市化的进程中,景观格局演变的总规律为自然景观向人文景观转变。1995~2006年间,主要表现为农用地、草地、商业及工矿用地面积减少,园林地、水体及水利设施、居民点及公共服务和其它用地增加;而2006~2017年间,表现为农用地、草地、园林地面积减少,居民点及公共服务、水体及水利设施、商业及工矿用地和其它用地增加,但在此期间各景观类型的面积减少和增加的速度有所放缓。     

长江-洪泽湖段突发跨界污染风险交流信息图谱研究

在分析我国当前环境风险交流存在问题基础上,将信息图谱引入到流域突发跨界环境污染风险交流中.参考公共卫生领域信息图谱制定步骤,结合突发跨界环境污染风险管理特点与要求,构建流域突发跨界环境污染利益相关方构架体系.编制流域突发跨界环境污染事件利益相关方问题清单框架,对流域突发跨界环境污染利益相关方问题计算权重,按权重大小进行排序分类.以南水北调东线工程长江-洪泽湖段为研究区域,绘制风险交流信息图谱,利用ArcGIS制作信息图谱单元图以及单元表实现对海量信息资料的挖掘、提炼与表达,不仅满足了利益相关方对于信息的迫切需求,提高了环境风险交流效率,保证了突发跨界环境污染应急处理处置措施的有力实施.同时也为利益相关方进行有效的风险沟通提供了预见性、准确的关键信息与支持信息,为流域突发跨界环境污染风险决策提供辅助信息工具.     

等离子改性CNT/TiO2电极吸附去除水中苯酚的研究

利用电感耦合空气等离子体对涂覆法制备的CNT/TiO2复合电极进行射频放电改性处理.复合电极的表面形貌、润湿性及元素成分分别通过扫描电镜(SEM)、接触角测试仪、x射线光电子能谱(XPS)进行了表征.结果表明,改性后有利于苯酚吸附,电极比表面孔隙、亲水性、TiO2及含氧官能团均得以增加;循环伏安测试(CV)表明改性后电极比电容提高54%;改性后复合电极对苯酚的吸附量较改性前提高了45%.且等离子改性CNT/TiO2电极对苯酚的去除量随电压、苯酚初始浓度的增加而增加,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温吸附模型.     

京津冀地区钢铁行业高时空分辨率排放清单方法研究

针对目前京津冀地区钢铁行业大气污染物排放量基数不清,排放清单缺失的现状,以钢铁行业调研、企业在线监测、污染源调查等数据为基础,综合考虑钢铁行业具体工艺设备、环保措施、产能等信息,按照自下而上的方法建立了一套高时空分辨率排放清单.经计算,2012年京津冀地区钢铁企业排放SO2为47.16万t,NOx为37.22万t,烟粉尘为34.15万t,其中烧结和高炉工艺为京津冀钢铁行业污染物的主要来源;从空间分布来看,唐山、邯郸两地区集中了整个京津冀地区一半以上的钢铁企业,其污染物排放量占到了整个区域钢铁企业排放总量的一半以上.     

稀土Ce3+掺杂Bi2WO6光催化降解罗丹明B的研究

采用水热合成法制备稀土元素Ce3+掺杂Bi2WO6光催剂,通过X射线衍射、场发射电镜扫描、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、N2物理吸附-脱附等手段对合成材料的结构、形貌、光吸收等物理化学性能进行表征,并以染料废水中罗丹明B的降解考察其光催化活性.结果表明,Ce3+掺杂量为0.05%时,其结晶度好、颗粒较均匀、具有较强的可见光吸收性能,且比表面积比纯Bi2WO6提高近10%以上,对罗丹明B的去除效果最好;催化剂用量越高、罗丹明B的初始浓度越低、反应溶液pH值越低、H2O2的浓度越高越有利于Ce/Bi2WO6对罗丹明B的吸附和降解;而阴阳离子的影响各不相同:NO3-、SO42-没有太大的影响; Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-的加入均促使的染料的去除;HCO3-抑制了罗丹明B的吸附,但是却促进了光降解.另外,经重复使用3次,光催化降解速率常数并没有降低,表明稀土Ce3+改性Bi2WO6是一种有效稳定的光催化剂.