基于GIS空间插值方法的长湖水质评价

通过对各插值方法选择后取反距离加权法与克立格法对长湖的污染现状进行分析,结果表明大部分水域水质处于Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类,只有主要出水口习家口和刘岺闸附近的部分水域的水质可以达到Ⅳ类水质标准.同时发现反距离加权法与克立格法均具有较高的精度,但克立格法优于反距离加权法,这两种方法评价湖泊水质都能取得比较好的效果.     

华西雨屏区典型人工林对降雨过程中NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N的过滤作用

氮沉降已成为河流、湖泊及城市等生态系统的主要污染威胁因素之一,森林生态系统能从林冠、地被和土壤自上而下截留过滤大气降雨中的NH+4-N和NO-3-N,是区域大气环境污染生态防治的重要途径.选取华西雨屏区几种典型人工林森林生态系统为研究对象,采用定位监测与室内分析相结合的研究方法,于2011年4—12月对大气降水、穿透雨、树干茎流、地表径流和地下渗滤NH+4-N和NO-3-N的含量与分配进行了研究.结果表明:观测期内40次降雨总雨量为492.72 mm,NH+4-N和NO-3-N的总沉降量分别为13.248 kg·hm-2和16.320 kg·hm-2;3种人工林林冠层对NH+4-N和NO-3-N的过滤能力表现为香樟林混交林柳杉林,而地表和土壤层均表现为混交林香樟林柳杉林;无林地、香樟林、柳杉林和混交林生态系统无机氮截留过滤净输入量分别为19.557、44.079、42.331、64.896 kg·hm-2,对无机氮的综合过滤作用表现为混交林香樟林柳杉林无林地.这些结果说明华西雨屏区合理配置混交林能更加有效地降低大气氮沉降对生态系统的影响.     

Potential of secondary aerosol formation from Chinese gasoline engine exhaust

Light-duty gasoline vehicles have drawn public attention in China due to their significant primary emissions of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds(VOCs). However,little information on secondary aerosol formation from exhaust for Chinese vehicles and fuel conditions is available. In this study, chamber experiments were conducted to quantify the potential of secondary aerosol formation from the exhaust of a port fuel injection gasoline engine. The engine and fuel used are common in the Chinese market, and the fuel satisfies the China V gasoline fuel standard. Substantial secondary aerosol formation was observed during a 4–5 hr simulation, which was estimated to represent more than 10 days of equivalent atmospheric photo-oxidation in Beijing. As a consequence, the extreme case secondary organic aerosol(SOA) production was 426 ± 85 mg/kg-fuel, with high levels of precursors and OH exposure. The low hygroscopicity of the aerosols formed inside the chamber suggests that SOA was the dominant chemical composition. Fourteen percent of SOA measured in the chamber experiments could be explained through the oxidation of speciated single-ring aromatics. Unspeciated precursors, such as intermediate-volatility organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds, might be significant for SOA formation from gasoline VOCs. We concluded that reductions of emissions of aerosol precursor gases from vehicles are essential to mediate pollution in China.     

Ecotoxicity prediction using mechanism- and non-mechanism-based QSARs: a preliminary study

In ecotoxicology, mechanism-based quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) are usually developed with higher quality than QSARs without regard to toxicity mechanism. Correctly determining the mechanism of a compound, which is not always easy, is required to use mechanism-based QSARs for toxicity prediction. The mechanism determination step may introduce extra errors in addition to the intrinsic prediction errors of mechanism-based QSARs, thus compromising these QSARs' performance compared with QSARs regardless of mechanism. In this study, the mechanism identification-toxicity prediction (MI-TP) approach was compared with the direct toxicity prediction (DTP) approach using a data set containing phenol toxicity to Tetrahymena pyriformis. A statistical mechanism classification model for mechanism prediction, four mechanism-based QSARs and a single QSAR without discriminating between mechanisms were developed for toxicity prediction. Toxicity of phenols in an external data set was predicted following the MI-TP and DTP approaches. Results indicated that the mechanisms of several phenols in the external test set were incorrectly predicted which led to significant over- or under-estimation of their toxicity. Overall, the MI-TP approach did not yield more accurate toxicity prediction than the DTP approach.     

磷、锌和镉交互作用对小白菜生长和锌镉累积的影响

利用不同元素之间的交互作用是控制作物重金属积累的有效手段.采用交替固定两因子的单一因子水平设计,以中性紫色土为材料,进行盆栽试验,探讨磷（P）、锌（Zn）和镉（Cd）不同水平组合对小白菜生长、抗氧化酶活性和Zn、Cd积累的效应和机制,为Cd污染土壤中蔬菜安全生产提供依据.结果表明,适量P和Zn的添加均能促进小白菜生长、抑制Cd在小白菜中的累积,但两者作用机制不同：P主要通过降低土壤中Cd的有效性和提高小白菜抗逆性减少小白菜对Cd的吸收,而Zn主要通过促进作物生长的稀释作用和植物体内生理拮抗作用抑制小白菜Cd的累积;外源添加1 mg ·kg^-1 Cd胁迫时,小白菜抗氧化胁迫能力受到显著抑制,过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性下降,丙二醛（MDA）大量积累;P和Zn均可提高CAT活性而提高小白菜抗氧化胁迫能力,缓解Cd毒害,而对POD活性影响不大;外源添加P和Zn与Cd胁迫含量比ω（Cd）：ω（Zn）：ω（P）为1 ：10 ：200时,小白菜产量最大（55.72 g ·pot^-1）,且可食部Cd含量低于国家绿叶蔬菜中Cd限量50 μg ·kg^-1的标准要求（GB 2762-2017）;增加P和Zn占比,Cd积累量进一步下降,但小白菜产量降低.因此适当施用P和Zn肥可降Cd并增产,实现蔬菜的安全生产.     

燃煤电厂掺烧废弃物现状及环境管理建议

我国燃煤电厂掺烧废弃物进入了快速发展期,但也暴露出底数不清、现状不清等问题。基于文献调研和国家排污许可平台统计数据介绍了国内外燃煤电厂掺烧废弃物的现状。相较国外,目前我国燃煤电厂掺烧生物质的项目较少,以掺烧污泥为主,包括城市污水厂污泥以及各种工业污泥,烟气污染物排放标准交叉引用GB 13223—2011《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》、GB 18485—2014《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》、GB 18484—2001《危险废物焚烧污染控制标准》和地方排放标准等,烟气、粉煤灰等污染治理措施普遍沿用电厂原有技术路线。据此,全面梳理了现阶段我国燃煤电厂掺烧废弃物存在的无序掺烧、污染物管理与排放控制要求缺失、信息公开力度不够等环境管理问题,并提出了相应的对策建议。     

漆酶去除造纸废水中木素及多酚类化合物应用

漆酶是一种多酚氧化酶,参与木素的降解或聚合,具有氧化木素的能力。制浆造纸废水中含有大量的木素衍生物及多酚类化合物,这些化合物中有许多物质有较大毒性的,这给废水的生物处理带来了不利影响。木素和多酚类化合物又是废水COD、BOD及色度的主要来源。在漆酶的存在下曝气,可使此类化合物聚合或降解,进而通过絮凝沉淀或深度氧化除去。文章综述了近年来漆酶在制浆造纸废水处理中的应用与研究现状。     

黄精多糖乳膏治疗单纯疱疹性豚鼠阴道炎的疗效研究

三种浓度(0．5％，1．5％，5％)的黄精多糖乳膏能明显治疗单纯疱疹病毒性豚鼠阴道炎，用药组豚鼠的外阴病变积分值显著低于模型对照组，这三种浓度的黄精多糖乳膏能治疗单纯疱疹病毒引发的豚鼠外阴红肿、溃破等病变，并能降低患病豚鼠的死亡率，其中以1．5％浓度乳膏的疗效相对较好．各浓度试验组黄精多糖乳膏并能显著降低感染HSV—2 Sav strain病毒的豚鼠阴道分泌物中病毒的毒力．临床预试验表明，1．5％黄精多糖乳膏与3％无环鸟苷乳膏疗效相近．图1表3参19     

基于FERC模型的油品流淌火灾定量风险评估方法研究

为了评价油品储运过程中的流淌火灾风险,提出1种基于FERC模型的油品流淌火灾定量风险评估方法。以某汽油管道为例,分析大孔泄漏、中孔泄漏、小孔泄漏３种模式下流淌火各参数的动态变化过程,计算管道周边不同位置处的个人风险值。研究结果表明:流淌火燃烧面积的最大值随泄漏速率的增加而增大,对于给定的算例条件,大孔泄漏情景下的最大燃烧半径较小孔泄漏增大了18.4倍;相较小孔泄漏,大孔泄漏下安全距离增大了6.7倍;在距离泄漏点100 m的位置,小孔泄漏、中孔泄漏和大孔泄漏条件下的辐射热流密度值分别为0.13,1.34,8.02 kW/m2;距离泄漏点34 m处时,大孔泄漏已经占总个人风险的99%;在开展风险评价时,应着重分析大孔泄漏的情景。