基于数值模拟的城市中心区风环境研究

利用CFD软件对长沙市中心区典型区域的风环境进行了三维数值模拟研究。结果表明,城市建筑群布局不当会造成多方面不利影响:如建筑群内局部地区气流不畅,污染物难以扩散,影响市民身体健康;街道峡谷风使得行人行动不便,冬季热舒适感差;复杂的风环境可能造成建筑构件的损坏乃至脱落,对地面行人的安全造成威胁;建筑围护结构渗透风增加造成建筑能耗的增加。在城市规划和建设中,中心区风环境状况要引起足够的重视,在建设之前要进行风环境模拟与评估。     

面向大坝混凝土浇筑的缆机安全防撞系统设计及应用

在大坝混凝土浇筑过程中,防止缆机碰撞事故的发生对确保施工安全性和连续性具有重要意义.针对大坝混凝土浇筑过程的缆机防撞监测的需求,基于GNSS与GIS集成模式,采用C/S结构体系设计了一个四层逻辑架构的缆机安全防撞系统.重点讨论了系统的数据库结构设计和功能模块设计,阐述了利用GIS组件开发方法在Visual Studio 2008平台上开发出相应原型系统的过程,并在国电大渡河大岗山水电站大坝混凝土浇筑过程进行应用.结果表明,该系统能够对缆机与其他设备之间的碰撞事故进行及时预警.     

高校图书馆消防安全疏散数值分析

以国内某高校图书馆为实例,利用FDS和Pathfinder对该图书馆进行火灾及人员疏散全尺寸模拟。研究图书馆发生火灾时烟气扩散、温度分布及能见度对人员逃生的影响。主要方法为通过火灾模拟软件FDS模拟分析发生火灾时的可用安全疏散时间(ASET),并使用疏散模拟软件PathFinder计算所需安全疏散时间(RSET),进而判断图书馆目前管理状况是否满足火灾时的人员安全疏散需要。结论表明:该图书馆目前管理状况不能满足火灾条件下人员逃生的需要,而影响人员安全疏散的主要因素为烟气的扩散。在研究结果的基础上提出改进建议,为图书馆日后的管理及灭火救援提供理论依据。     

北京市控制大气污染四期紧急措施环境有效性分析

对北京市控制大气污染的四期紧急措施进行量化,分别计算出各项控制措施实施后的排放削减量,建立排放清单.采用空气质量模型,模拟了紧急措施实施的各阶段市区内一次大气污染物SO₂、NO_x和PM10浓度的时空分布情况,分析和评价了四期紧急措施的环境有效性.结果表明,四期紧急措施对SO₂和NO_x的控制效果较好,PM10的环境浓度下降不明显.     

我国不同矿物气溶胶源区物质的物理化学特征

在我国不同的矿物气溶胶源区进行采样分析的结果表明,源区气溶胶物质的物理化学特性相差很大.黄土的颗粒最细,91%的黄土颗粒可以形成矿物气溶胶进行长距离输送;沙土较粗,只有15%的沙尘颗粒可以形成矿物气溶胶;2个煤灰样品的粒径差异较大,抚顺煤灰中＜74μm的颗粒高达39%,而呼和浩特煤灰只有7%.不同粒径颗粒的化学分析结果表明,微量元素在细颗粒上有较高的富集.黄土与沙漠土壤的细颗粒的化学性质十分相似,同煤灰的化学性质完全不同,其常量元素与A1的比值(E/Al)十分接近,而且与深海沉积物粘土中的比值(E/A1)     

基于高通量分析方法的长江干流重庆段抗生素种类特征及来源初探

采用高通量分析方法对长江干流重庆段11个流域断面、2个市政污水处理厂进水和6个养殖场废水的潜在抗生素进行筛查,并结合抗生素使用调查探讨其来源。结果表明,(1)共检出83种抗生素,其中流域内检出36种,污水处理厂和养殖场废水中检出70种;磺胺间甲氧嘧啶检出率最高,在流域水体和废水的检出率分别为91%和55%,喹诺酮类是检出抗生素的主要类型;(2)长江干流重庆段下游检出抗生素数量高于上游检出抗生素;(3)有20种抗生素可能由上游携带和重庆市内排放2种方式进入流域,7种抗生素可能由上游携带入境,9种抗生素可能由重庆市内排放引入长江。     

Potential CO2 intrusion in near-surface environments: a review of current research approaches to geochemical processes

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) plays a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions to the atmosphere. However, gas leakage from deep storage...     

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) exchange fluxes between cotton fields and the atmosphere in the arid area in Xinjiang,China

Due to the important roles of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS₂) in atmospheric chemistry, this study was designed to determine different proportions of COS and CS₂ fluxes contributed from different sources, i.e., vegetation, soil and roots, at monthly and hourly timescales in the arid area in Xinjiang, China. Results indicated that the seasonal net uptake of COS by vegetation was predominant in the growing season. The CS₂ fluxes from vegetation and soils had no significant seasonal variations compared with COS. The exchange rates of COS and CS₂ have been found to be stimulated by the addition of nutrients in the form of urea fertilizer. Compared with the results of plots that were treated only with nitrogen, the treatments with both nitrogen and sulfur displayed no significant difference in the exchange fluxes. The results of compartment experiments indicated that the aboveground plants had the highest uptake of COS and had a vital role in the uptake of COS during the main growth period. The shares of COS emissions from the soil and roots increased to 6–17% and 55–58%, respectively, in the total COS fluxes when conditions, such as drought and senescence, were unfavorable for the developmental of vegetation. Observations of the preliminary diurnal fluxes indicated that the fluxes that occurred at night, with contributions from soils and plants, accounted for 27% of the total daily uptake of COS uptake. These quantitative results may be reasonably accounted for the use of COS as a promising tracer to obtain independent constraints on terrestrial carbon exchange at regional to global scales for their response to special environmental conditions in semiarid area.

     

Evaluation of ecotourism development in rural regions of China

The current status of ecotourism in rural China was analyzed in this paper.Empirical surveys covering the whole country indicate that ecotourism in rural China has attracted a large number of tourists who,however,didn’t generate revenues that can match the number.Although the environmental quality of those rural ecotourism destinations is high with little negative impacts,several problems have already appeared,suggesting a need to monitor those areas.The current practice of interpretation in most rural ecotourism destinations did not provide environmental education opportunities to the tourists.And local communities need more effective ways to decide on the prospects of local ecotourism development by themselves.Finally,a few recommendations for improving the sustainability of ecotourism destinations were provided.     

温度和砷酸根对砖红壤中Cd(Ⅱ)吸附动力学的影响

土壤中砷和镉同时存在的现象普遍存在,但目前对砷酸根与Cd(Ⅱ)在可变电荷土壤表面协同作用的机制还了解不多.用一次平衡法研究了288 K和308 K温度条件下Cd(Ⅱ)在昆明砖红壤表面的吸附动力学,比较了加入砷酸根对Cd(Ⅱ)吸附动力学的影响.结果显示,加As(V)和升高温度均不仅增加Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附量,而且提高了吸附反应的速率.Cd(Ⅱ)在砖红壤表面的吸附反应进行的特别快,几乎在30 min内达到准平衡,假二级动力学方程能很好拟合30 min内的吸附动力学数据(r2》0.9995).从反应速率常数计算得到的活化能的结果表明,加As(V)显著降低了Cd(Ⅱ)吸附反应的活化能,这是As(V)促进可变电荷土壤吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的根本原因.