生活垃圾焚烧发电项目的竣工环保验收

根据生活垃圾焚烧发电项目的特点,归纳了此类项目环境保护验收工作的法规依据、验收程序和重点内容,并提出了相应的污染防治措施。     

高压离线侧喷脉冲袋式除尘技术在水泥磨上的应用

以新疆天山水泥股份有限公司一分厂1水泥磨除尘系统技术改造为实例,阐述了获1993年国家环保最佳实用技术推广的LCPM型高压离线侧喷脉冲袋除尘器在水泥磨系统的应用及产生的效果。     

发光细菌法在环境监测中的应用

阐述了发光细菌的生理特性及其应用原理,重点评述了发光细菌法在工业废水、水域水质毒性及其他相关领域监测中的应用。与其他生物监测方法相比,具有快速、简便、灵敏等特点,测试结果与传统的鱼类毒性试验具有良好的相关性,实际应用方便可行。同时,结合现代电子技术和化学分析技术,对发光细菌法的发展进行了展望。     

国家硫酸工业污染物排放标准制定中的思考

硫酸工业污染物排放标准预计将于2010年内发布实施。在对有关法律法规、规范性文件等进行研究,对我国硫酸工业现状和国外相关排放标准进行分析的基础上,对硫酸工业污染物排放标准制定中有关适用范围、时段划分、污染物控制等内容进行了思考。     

江苏省环境监测站标准化建设成效评价

江苏省在2013年底通过了国家环境监测站标准化建设整体验收,成为全国第一个整体达到国家建设标准的省份。在总结江苏省主要建设经验的基础上,为定量评估江苏省各级环境监测站标准化建设成效水平,以《国家环境监测站标准化验收评分办法》评价指标为基础,尝试构建环境监测站建设成效评价指标体系,并应用层次分析法确定指标及其权重,共设1项一级指标、5项二级指标和12项三级指标。通过专家综合决策打分,确定各项评价指标的权重值,赋值计算综合成效评价指数。结果表明,全省实验室条件、仪器设备、监测数据、论文发表、能力认证等方面发展迅速,但人员扩编有待进一步加强。该方法为政府部门考核财政资金投入绩效、优化管理决策提供了定量评价参考。     

耕作土壤中钒的形态特征研究

利用改进的BCR法对不同类型、不同粒径耕作土壤中重金属钒(V)的含量及化学形态特征进行研究。结果表明,红壤中V达到264.9mg/kg,对环境及生物安全具有潜在风险;褐土和黑钙土中V含量相对较低,且褐土中V具有明显的粒级效应,即细颗粒中V含量较高。土壤中V(Ⅳ)占比明显高于V(Ⅴ),V主要以残渣态存在,但环境条件改变时,V(Ⅳ)易氧化为毒性更高的V(Ⅴ),可还原态和可氧化态能转化为弱酸提取态,导致生物有效性增强,对环境构成潜在威胁。因此,针对耕作土壤应加强V的重金属环境风险评价和监控。     

基于滑坡灾害输电网的预警模型

伴随电力设施的大量建设,滑坡灾害引起的输电网损坏亦愈加频繁和严重。为正确、高效、快速地处置因滑坡灾害引起的输电网事故,针对滑坡灾害,首先从输电网的拓扑网络结构特征及所致事故预估影响进行分析,构建了滑坡灾害下输电网的预警指标体系,并通过模糊层次分析法-熵权法的组合赋权法得到预警指标权重;然后,基于预警相关理论和电力行业标准,制定了滑坡灾害下输电网预警等级分级标准,并据此标准划分预警指标各等级警限阈值。最后,再运用可拓理论中基于参变量物元的动态评价模型,建立输电网预警模型,并对重庆某地区进行预警等级计算。结果表明,该地区预警等级为三级,处于相对安全状态。     

Approach of technical decision-making by element flow analysis and Monte-Carlo simulation of municipal solid waste stream

This paper deals with the procedure and methodology which can be used to select the optimal treatment and disposal technology of municipal solid waste （MSW）, and to provide practical and effective technical support to policy-making, on the basis of study on solid waste management status and development trend in China and abroad. Focusing on various treatment and disposal technologies and processes of MSW, this study established a Monte-Carlo mathematical model of cost minimization for MSW handling subjected to environmental constraints. A new method of element stream （such as C, H, O, N, S） analysis in combination with economic stream analysis of MSW was developed. By following the streams of different treatment processes consisting of various techniques from generation, separation, transfer, transport, treatment, recycling and disposal of the wastes, the element constitution as well as its economic distribution in terms of possibility functions was identified. Every technique step was evaluated economically. The Mont-Carlo method was then conducted for model calibration. Sensitivity analysis was also carried out to identify the most sensitive factors. Model calibration indicated that landfill with power generation of landfill gas was economically the optimal technology at the present stage under the condition of more than 58% of C, H, O, N, S going to landfill. Whether or not to generate electricity was the most sensitive factor. If landfilling cost increases, MSW separation treatment was recommended by screening first followed with incinerating partially and composting partially with residue landfilling. The possibility of incineration model selection as the optimal technology was affected by the city scale. For big cities and metropolitans with large MSW generation, possibility for constructing large-scale incineration facilities increases, whereas, for middle and small cities, the effectiveness of incinerating waste decreases.     

Effect of incubation temperature and wet-dry cycle on the availabilities of Cd, Pb and Zn in soil

The effect of incubation temperature and wet-dry cycle on the availabilities of Cd, Pb and Zn was studied. Three soils with pH ranging from 3.8 to 7.3, organic carbon （OC） from 0.7% to 2.4%, and clay from 12.3% to 35.6% were selected. Soils were spiked with reagent grade Cd（NO3）2, Pb（NO3）2, and Zn（NO3）2 at concentrations of 30 mg Cd/kg soil, 300 mg Zn/kg soil and 2000 mg Pb/kg soil. The soils were incubated at 35, 60, 105℃, respectively and went through four wet-dry cycles. Metal availability in soils was estimated by soil extraction with 0.1 mol/L Ca（NO3）2. According to this study, the effect of the spiking temperature on the metal availabilities was different among the metals, soils and wet-dry cycles. Mostly, 35 ~C was the first recommended spiking temperature for Cd and Pb while no spiking temperature was obviously better than others for Zn. Three wet-dry cycles was recommended regardless of the type of metals and incubation temperature.