Approach of technical decision-making by element flow analysis and Monte-Carlo simulation of municipal solid waste stream

This paper deals with the procedure and methodology which can be used to select the optimal treatment and disposal technology of municipal solid waste （MSW）, and to provide practical and effective technical support to policy-making, on the basis of study on solid waste management status and development trend in China and abroad. Focusing on various treatment and disposal technologies and processes of MSW, this study established a Monte-Carlo mathematical model of cost minimization for MSW handling subjected to environmental constraints. A new method of element stream （such as C, H, O, N, S） analysis in combination with economic stream analysis of MSW was developed. By following the streams of different treatment processes consisting of various techniques from generation, separation, transfer, transport, treatment, recycling and disposal of the wastes, the element constitution as well as its economic distribution in terms of possibility functions was identified. Every technique step was evaluated economically. The Mont-Carlo method was then conducted for model calibration. Sensitivity analysis was also carried out to identify the most sensitive factors. Model calibration indicated that landfill with power generation of landfill gas was economically the optimal technology at the present stage under the condition of more than 58% of C, H, O, N, S going to landfill. Whether or not to generate electricity was the most sensitive factor. If landfilling cost increases, MSW separation treatment was recommended by screening first followed with incinerating partially and composting partially with residue landfilling. The possibility of incineration model selection as the optimal technology was affected by the city scale. For big cities and metropolitans with large MSW generation, possibility for constructing large-scale incineration facilities increases, whereas, for middle and small cities, the effectiveness of incinerating waste decreases.     

大客车正面碰撞乘客约束系统仿真分析

为探究约束系统在全承载客车正面碰撞事故中对乘客损伤的影响,利用有限元分析软件LS_DYNA建立某大客车正面碰撞仿真模型,并开展整车50 km/h正面100％重叠碰撞固定刚性壁障试验;从车身变形、加速度曲线和乘员损伤等3方面验证仿真模型;基于已验证的仿真模型,开展不同座椅间距、车厢位置及安全带类型的乘员运动响应和损伤等综...     

基于移动传感器的城市道路颗粒物污染特征

为实时分析城市道路环境中PM污染的变化特征,以出租车作为PM传感器的载体,对济南市道路环境进行了3个月的监测,并结合监测站的监测数据,对道路环境中PM的污染特征进行了分析.以核密度估计的方法提取了道路环境的PM“基线”,并量化了道路环境的排放贡献.结果表明,济南市PM污染严重的路段并不是位于交通较为密集的市区,而是集中在道路较为稀疏的郊区.将济南市路网系统划分为1021段道路,其中65%的路段PM_2.5浓度集中在43~46μg/m³,PM₁₀浓度在55~70μg/m³.相对于城市环境（监测站）,早晚高峰尤其早高峰对于道路环境（传感器）的影响更为显著.通过提取的PM“基线”和传感器的小时均值,将传感器的测量信号分为背景浓度信号和排放浓度信号.研究期间,PM_2.5区域污染和排放占比分别为78.6%和21.4%,对于PM₁₀而言,区域污染和排放占比分别为71.9%和28.1%.     

La-M-Co-O/堇青石催化剂的制备及催化氧化氯苯

采用柠檬酸络合法制备La-M-Co-O（M=Mn,Cr,Fe,Ni和Cu）/堇青石催化剂,运用BET,XRD,SEM,H₂-TPR和XPS技术对催化剂性能及微观结构进行表征分析,研究考察过渡金属掺杂,掺杂量以及焙烧温度等对催化剂催化氧化性能的影响.结果表明,随着催化剂焙烧温度升高至650℃时,催化剂表面所负载的活性氧化物颗粒最为分散,其氧化活性最佳,且当反应温度为350℃时,催化剂催化氧化氯苯转化率可达96.4%,究其原因是高温焙烧致使催化剂形成LaCoO₃钙钛矿型复合氧化物,其复合氧化物的晶体结构有利于催化剂催化氧化氯苯性能的提高.     

小分子物质双(3-氨基丙基)胺对废水混合菌落生物膜形成抑制效应

研究了小分子物质双(3-氨基丙基)胺对混合菌落生物膜形成抑制及解体效应机制,并探讨了利用双(3-氨基丙基)胺减缓膜表面生物污染的可行性.结果表明,双(3-氨基丙基)胺能有效抑制混合菌群微生物附着和生物膜形成,抑制作用随浓度的升高而增强.经过双(3-氨基丙基)胺处理(131 mg·L~(-1))24 h,生物膜形成抑制率达到74.61%.这种抑制效果不是通过杀菌方式产生而是通过抑制微生物中胞外多糖和e DNA含量产生.经双(3-氨基丙基)胺处理后,胞外多糖和eDNA分别下降了39.37%±2.68%和70.05%±2.93%.双(3-氨基丙基)胺对已经形成的生物膜也有一定解离作用.对于预培养12 h的生物膜,双(3-氨基丙基)胺(131 mg·L~(-1))处理10 h,解体率为23.59%.另外双(3-氨基丙基)胺可减缓膜过滤过程中膜孔堵塞速度,降低膜压,缓解由微生物引起的膜污染问题,在环境膜污染控制方面具有潜在应用价值.     

粉末活性炭预沉积去除藻类有机物及其对膜污染的影响

以东海原甲藻分泌的藻类有机物（AOM）为研究对象,研究粉末活性炭预沉积和预吸附两种膜前预处理手段对海水中AOM的去除作用,对比分析AOM直接超滤、预沉积和预吸附后再超滤时膜通量、膜阻力分布、膜表面亲疏水性和粗糙度的变化,探讨粉末活性炭孔隙结构、沉积量对AOM去除效果及超滤膜污染的影响.结果表明,活性炭预沉积和预吸附能够提高超滤膜对含AOM海水中DOC和UV₂₅₄的去除率,预沉积对AOM的去除作用优于预吸附,介孔活性炭较微孔活性炭的预沉积效果更好,当介孔活性炭PAC2的沉积量为0.4g/L时,DOC和UV₂₅₄的去除率较直接超滤分别提高了25.1%和33.6%.紫外吸收比指数（URI）分析表明,活性炭预沉积和预吸附对有机物的去除作用具有选择性,AOM中芳香族物质较脂肪族羧基类物质更易被除去.粉末活性炭预沉积下AOM超滤时的滤饼层污染阻力（R_c）和膜孔堵塞阻力（R_p）较直接超滤分别降低了39.6%和81.2%,活性炭在超滤膜表面形成的滤饼层结构将AOM与超滤膜进行了隔离,能够减缓膜污染速率,对于控制膜的不可逆污染亦具有重要作用.     

瓦斯对煤尘爆炸特性影响的实验研究

瓦斯的存在对煤尘爆炸特性的理论计算和数值仿真的结果与实际数据有一定差距,因此,通过不同浓度瓦斯与煤尘共存条件下爆炸实验研究,得出了矿井瓦斯对煤尘的最低着火温度、最小点火能量、爆炸下限浓度、最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速度等爆炸特性影响的规律即瓦斯对煤尘最低着火温度影响不大;瓦斯可使煤尘的最小点火能量减小,尤其是对难于点燃的煤尘;混合物的爆炸下限浓度随瓦斯浓度的增加而降低;混合物的最大爆炸压力上升速度由于瓦斯的存在而增强,而最大爆炸压力几乎没有变化。同时研究了瓦斯对无爆炸性煤尘的影响。实验研究的结论对于现场防止煤尘爆炸的发生具有指导意义。     

关于安全工程专业培养计划的思考

我国经济建设和精神文明正在协调发展 ,如何适应安全科学教育的新发展机遇是人们安全教育工作者所关注和深思的问题。笔者在分析新世纪安全人才需求特点的基础上 ,探讨了安全人才的知识结构与培养模式 ;指出安全工程专业人才 ,除应系统掌握安全科学的基本理论、基本方法以及安全生产的基本规律外 ,还要与采矿、冶金、建筑、机械、电气、化工、交通、环境等专业的必修专业基础课有机结合 ,在课程内容 ,教学结构方面 ,实现优化配置 ,提高学生综合分析和解决实际安全问题的能力。另外 ,在注意多层次培养安全技术人才的同时 ,还要加强对高校其他非安全工程专业大学生的安全知识教育 ,提高其安全文化素质 ,在今后的工作和活动中能自觉充分地考虑安全问题。     

基于标准模型库的企业财务风险分析方法探析

笔者在对企业财务风险指标进行科学选取的基础上 ,利用主成分分析法和因子分析方法计算企业财务风险综合得分 ;依照所得的两种综合得分进行风险聚类 ;并以聚类结果构建企业财务风险标准模型库。该风险标准模型库形成了企业财务风险的相对静态数据参考 ,据此 ,监管部门可方便地运用模糊识别方法对企业财务数据进行风险判断和分类 ,不需对加大样本的企业数据进行重新计算 ,大大提高了工作效率。该方法综合了几种方法的优点 ,在实践中得到了较合理的分析结果。     

Climatology and Trends of the Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Sandstorms in Inner Mongolia

The temporal and spatial distribution of sandstorms have been investigated statistically for a period of 40 years (1961–2000),using data from 118 observatories in Inner Mongolia, P.R. of China. In terms of climate variations, the effects of changes in climate(affecting parameters such as precipitation, temperature, ENSO activities, etc.), ecological systems and human behavior on the space-time distribution of sandstorms have been studied. It is shown that in Inner Mongolia nearly all sandstorms occurred inthe central-western region during 1961–2000. Their frequency decreased from the 1960s to the 1990s. The mean annual variationshows that spring is the main sandstorm season, especially April. In view of connection with climate variations, dry and cold periods correspond with a high frequency of sandstorms,wet and warm periods with a low frequency. With respect to thespatial distribution, sandstorms hit preferably dry and warm regions. There are some relations between ENSO activities andthe sandstorm frequency. The sandstorm rate was relatively higher in most of the El Niño years, and in most of the La Niña years the rate was relatively lower.