江苏省环境监测站标准化建设成效评价

江苏省在2013年底通过了国家环境监测站标准化建设整体验收,成为全国第一个整体达到国家建设标准的省份。在总结江苏省主要建设经验的基础上,为定量评估江苏省各级环境监测站标准化建设成效水平,以《国家环境监测站标准化验收评分办法》评价指标为基础,尝试构建环境监测站建设成效评价指标体系,并应用层次分析法确定指标及其权重,共设1项一级指标、5项二级指标和12项三级指标。通过专家综合决策打分,确定各项评价指标的权重值,赋值计算综合成效评价指数。结果表明,全省实验室条件、仪器设备、监测数据、论文发表、能力认证等方面发展迅速,但人员扩编有待进一步加强。该方法为政府部门考核财政资金投入绩效、优化管理决策提供了定量评价参考。     

耕作土壤中钒的形态特征研究

利用改进的BCR法对不同类型、不同粒径耕作土壤中重金属钒(V)的含量及化学形态特征进行研究。结果表明,红壤中V达到264.9mg/kg,对环境及生物安全具有潜在风险;褐土和黑钙土中V含量相对较低,且褐土中V具有明显的粒级效应,即细颗粒中V含量较高。土壤中V(Ⅳ)占比明显高于V(Ⅴ),V主要以残渣态存在,但环境条件改变时,V(Ⅳ)易氧化为毒性更高的V(Ⅴ),可还原态和可氧化态能转化为弱酸提取态,导致生物有效性增强,对环境构成潜在威胁。因此,针对耕作土壤应加强V的重金属环境风险评价和监控。     

基于滑坡灾害输电网的预警模型

伴随电力设施的大量建设,滑坡灾害引起的输电网损坏亦愈加频繁和严重。为正确、高效、快速地处置因滑坡灾害引起的输电网事故,针对滑坡灾害,首先从输电网的拓扑网络结构特征及所致事故预估影响进行分析,构建了滑坡灾害下输电网的预警指标体系,并通过模糊层次分析法-熵权法的组合赋权法得到预警指标权重;然后,基于预警相关理论和电力行业标准,制定了滑坡灾害下输电网预警等级分级标准,并据此标准划分预警指标各等级警限阈值。最后,再运用可拓理论中基于参变量物元的动态评价模型,建立输电网预警模型,并对重庆某地区进行预警等级计算。结果表明,该地区预警等级为三级,处于相对安全状态。     

Approach of technical decision-making by element flow analysis and Monte-Carlo simulation of municipal solid waste stream

This paper deals with the procedure and methodology which can be used to select the optimal treatment and disposal technology of municipal solid waste （MSW）, and to provide practical and effective technical support to policy-making, on the basis of study on solid waste management status and development trend in China and abroad. Focusing on various treatment and disposal technologies and processes of MSW, this study established a Monte-Carlo mathematical model of cost minimization for MSW handling subjected to environmental constraints. A new method of element stream （such as C, H, O, N, S） analysis in combination with economic stream analysis of MSW was developed. By following the streams of different treatment processes consisting of various techniques from generation, separation, transfer, transport, treatment, recycling and disposal of the wastes, the element constitution as well as its economic distribution in terms of possibility functions was identified. Every technique step was evaluated economically. The Mont-Carlo method was then conducted for model calibration. Sensitivity analysis was also carried out to identify the most sensitive factors. Model calibration indicated that landfill with power generation of landfill gas was economically the optimal technology at the present stage under the condition of more than 58% of C, H, O, N, S going to landfill. Whether or not to generate electricity was the most sensitive factor. If landfilling cost increases, MSW separation treatment was recommended by screening first followed with incinerating partially and composting partially with residue landfilling. The possibility of incineration model selection as the optimal technology was affected by the city scale. For big cities and metropolitans with large MSW generation, possibility for constructing large-scale incineration facilities increases, whereas, for middle and small cities, the effectiveness of incinerating waste decreases.     

Effect of incubation temperature and wet-dry cycle on the availabilities of Cd, Pb and Zn in soil

The effect of incubation temperature and wet-dry cycle on the availabilities of Cd, Pb and Zn was studied. Three soils with pH ranging from 3.8 to 7.3, organic carbon （OC） from 0.7% to 2.4%, and clay from 12.3% to 35.6% were selected. Soils were spiked with reagent grade Cd（NO3）2, Pb（NO3）2, and Zn（NO3）2 at concentrations of 30 mg Cd/kg soil, 300 mg Zn/kg soil and 2000 mg Pb/kg soil. The soils were incubated at 35, 60, 105℃, respectively and went through four wet-dry cycles. Metal availability in soils was estimated by soil extraction with 0.1 mol/L Ca（NO3）2. According to this study, the effect of the spiking temperature on the metal availabilities was different among the metals, soils and wet-dry cycles. Mostly, 35 ~C was the first recommended spiking temperature for Cd and Pb while no spiking temperature was obviously better than others for Zn. Three wet-dry cycles was recommended regardless of the type of metals and incubation temperature.     

海岛地区地质灾害易发性评价模型构建研究 ——以岱山县衢山镇为例

以岱山县衢山镇为研究区,以斜坡单元为评价单元,在重点分析地质环境条件与地质灾害相关性的基础上,筛选影响地质灾害易发性的主要参评因子,构建评价模型,并完成指标因子的分析与量化,并借助层次分析法和综合危险指数法确定易发性的综合评分,进而划定易发程度等级和修编易发程度分区.评价模型的构建过程可为海岛地区地质灾害易发性评价提供...     

混合金属粉尘爆炸最小点火能量影响因素研究*

为探究混合金属粉尘爆炸危险性及与单一粉体爆炸特性差异,确保车间安全生产,采用粉尘云点火能量测试系统对车间混合金属粉尘及铝粉最小点火能量在不同影响因素下的变化规律及2种粉尘火焰变化特征进行测试。研究结果表明:混合金属粉尘和铝粉最小点火能量在一定范围内（38~96 μm）与粒径呈正相关性,当混合金属粉尘粒径大于75 μm时,所需最小点火能量大于1 000 mJ,其爆炸敏感性迅速降低,此时铝粉仍有较强爆炸敏感性;2种粉尘最小点火能量随质量浓度增加呈先降低后升高的趋势,最小点火能分别为295,15 mJ,对应的敏感质量浓度为600,1 000 g/m3,混合金属粉尘在质量浓度为500~700 g/m3时具有较大爆炸危险性;同铝粉相比,混合金属粉尘点火能量更高、火焰燃烧时间更短、火焰高度更低、爆炸剧烈程度更弱。     

旅游景区类徽标设计原则探究

旅游景区类徽标是图形标志里一种相对独立的标志类别,是伴随着旅游景区的建设与发展诞生的.它在旅游对外宣传中扮演着重要的角色,实业界也越来越重视旅游景区徽标的设计.目前大大小小、成千上万个景区景点都不具备完善的景区徽标等VI系统,笔者从其设计原则方面,通过整理分析目前所有中文类旅游徽标设计原则文献,提出了自己的观点,对旅游景区类徽标设计原则进行了探究,以期对我国旅游景区类徽标设计和旅游业的发展有所帮助.     

大客车正面碰撞乘客约束系统仿真分析

为探究约束系统在全承载客车正面碰撞事故中对乘客损伤的影响,利用有限元分析软件LS_DYNA建立某大客车正面碰撞仿真模型,并开展整车50 km/h正面100％重叠碰撞固定刚性壁障试验;从车身变形、加速度曲线和乘员损伤等3方面验证仿真模型;基于已验证的仿真模型,开展不同座椅间距、车厢位置及安全带类型的乘员运动响应和损伤等综...