Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

环磷酰胺等三种化学物诱发褐斑大蠊染色体畸变分析

染色体的畸变分析是一种简便易行,经济的遗传毒理学方法,可用来探讨诱变物对生物遗传系统的影响。目前人们多利用鼠类、赤麂及人的培养细胞来进行染色体畸变分析,其它材料很少见,蜚蠊(俗称蟑螂)是一种重要的卫生昆虫,也是一种较好的遗传学研究材料,其分布广泛,与人的日常生活环境密切相关,能否利用它作为一种污染的监测因子呢?我们利用褐斑大蠊(Periplaneta brunnea,Burmeister 1838)进行了初步尝试。     

一种新型烟气脱硫技术在燃煤锅炉上的扩大试验

介绍了用硫化碱加TFS添加剂进行燃煤锅炉煤气脱硫并副产硫代硫酸钠的中试成果。     

Transport modeling of copper and cadmium with linear and nonlinear retardation factors

The predictive accuracy of using the one-dimensional advection–dispersion equation to evaluate the fate and transport of solute in a soil column is usually dependent on the proper determination of chemical retardation factors. Typically, the distribution coefficient (K_d) obtained by fitting the linear sorption isotherm has been extensively used to consider general geochemical reactions on solute transport in a low-concentration range. However, the linear distribution coefficient cannot be adequately utilized to describe the solute fate at a higher concentration level. This study employed the nonlinear equilibrium-controlled sorption parameters to determine the retardation factor used in column leaching experiments. Copper and cadmium transportation in a lateritic silty-clay soil column was examined. Through the explicit finite-difference calculations with a third-order total-variation-diminishing (TVD) numerical solution scheme, all results of the theoretical copper and cadmium breakthrough curves (BTCs) simulated by using the Freundlich nonlinear retardation factors revealed good agreement with the experimental observations.     

Determination of source contributions to ambient PM2.5 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, using a receptor model

Ambient particulates of PM2.5 were sampled at three sites in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, during February and March 1999. In addition, resuspended PM2.5 collected from traffic tunnels, paved roads, fly ash of a municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator, and seawater was obtained. All the samples were analyzed for twenty constituents, including water-soluble ions, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and metallic elements. In conjunction with local source profiles and the source profiles in the model library SPECIATE EPA, the receptor model based on chemical mass balance (CMB) was then applied to determine the source contributions to ambient PM2.5. The mean concentration of ambient PM2.5 was 42.69-53.68 micrograms/m3 for the sampling period. The abundant species in ambient PM2.5 in the mass fraction for three sites were OC (12.7-14.2%), SO4(2-) (12.8-15.1%), NO3- (8.1-10.3%), NH4+ (6.7-7.5%), and EC (5.3-8.5%). Results of CMB modeling show that major pollution sources for ambient PM2.5 are traffic exhaust (18-54%), secondary aerosols (30-41% from SO4(2-) and NO3-), and outdoor burning of agriculture wastes (13-17%).     

Heavy metal retention and partitioning in a large-scale soil-aquifer treatment (SAT) system used for wastewater reclamation

Soil aquifer treatment (SAT) of wastewater relies on extensive biogeochemical processes in the soil and aquifer to achieve large-scale and economic reclamation of municipal effluents. Removal of trace metals from the wastewater is a prime objective in the operation, but the long-term sustainability of the adsorptive filtration capacity of the soils is an open question. Solid/solution partitioning (measured by the distribution coefficient, K(d)) and solid/solid partitioning (measured by selective sequential dissolution, SSD) of heavy metals were measured in soils sampled from active recharge basins in a wastewater reclamation plant and were compared to the adjacent pristine dune. K(d) values for the adsorption of Cu, Ni and Zn, measured in short-term adsorption experiments positively and significantly correlated with solution pH. Quantitative estimation of Cu, Ni and Zn adsorption on multi-sorbents indicated that surface adsorption and precipitation on Fe oxides and/or carbonate may be the major mechanisms of metal retention in these soils. SSD analyses of metal partitioning in soils exposed to approximately 20yr of effluent recharge showed that all solid-phase components, including the most stable 'residual' component, competed for and retained added Cu and Zn. Copper preferentially partitioned into the oxide component (32.0% of the soil-accumulated metal) while Zn preferentially partitioned into the carbonate component (51.6% of the soil-accumulated metal).     

臭氧-曝气生物滤池处理酸性玫瑰红染料废水

在实验室配制含酸性玫瑰红染料的印染废水，采用臭氧氧化-曝气生物滤池工艺开展处理试验。试验运行结果表明，臭氧氧化处理能提高模拟废水的可生化性，BOD／COD值由原水的0．18上升到0．36。经组合工艺处理后出水COD〈40mg／L，色度40倍以下，SS约50mg／L，处理效果良好。     

南京地区相对湿度对气溶胶含量的影响

为了研究南京地区相对湿度对气溶胶的影响,利用位于南京信息工程大学的拉曼-瑞利-米氏激光雷达,分析湿度廓线对消光系数的影响;利用2014年3月~2015年2月国控点环境监测数据对可吸入颗粒物浓度特征进行统计,并与相对湿度进行逐月和四季对比分析,并计算各参数之间的相关系数,以期为南京市的城市布局与规划、大气污染治理等提供更多参考.结果表明,低空气溶胶的消光系数廓线与相对湿度廓线变化趋势高度一致,地面相对湿度与可吸入颗粒物浓度在一定湿度范围（以不发生重力沉降为界限）内,相对湿度越大越有利于颗粒物的形成,超过这个范围,相对湿度越大,颗粒物浓度越低,在南京地区,对于PM₁₀来说,这个界限在40%~49%,对于PM_2.5来说,这个界限在50%~59%.     

异养协同硫自养ABR系统还原高浓度高氯酸盐

构建新型异养硫自养ABR反应器,以处理含高浓度高氯酸盐（ClO₄^-）废水,并探讨该工艺对不同浓度ClO₄^-的还原性能及硫酸盐（SO₄^2-）的产生规律,同时解析ABR系统内生物量及胞外聚合物（EPS）的变化特性.结果表明：在HRT=12h,进水ClO₄^-浓度为300mg/L时,去除率可达99.60%,出水SO₄^2-浓度稳定在150mg/L内.进水pH值为7.8~8.0,随着还原ClO₄^-浓度的升高,异养段出水pH值逐渐升高至8.0~8.3,自养段pH值则逐渐降低至6.6~6.9,异养协同硫自养ABR系统可实现酸碱的平衡.此外,提高进水ClO₄^-浓度可促进EPS的分泌,且异养段第一格室微生物分泌的EPS最多,其含量可达到102.46mg/（g·vss）.EPS的分泌可以形成保护层以抵制外界的压力,同时也起到储备碳源和能源的作用.     

成都冬季一次持续污染过程气象成因及气溶胶垂直结构和演变特征

基于气溶胶激光雷达观测和环境监测站污染物浓度数据、气象观测资料及HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式,分析了2017年12月中下旬,成都市一次本地积累和沙尘输送影响的持续污染过程中污染物浓度、污染物来源、天气系统和气溶胶消光系数的垂直分布及演变.结果表明:①此次污染过程持续时间长,根据气象条件和主要污染物种类,分为本地污染累积、北方沙尘输送和混合影响3个阶段.②本地污染积累阶段,消光系数垂直分布不均匀,受湿度、太阳辐照与逆温层等气象因子的影响,垂直结构变化较大.消光系数最大值多出现在250 m附近,此阶段退偏比数值很小.③沙尘影响阶段,消光系数较前期明显下降,高值区位于250 m及2 km处.退偏比显示沙尘粒子于29日午后开始逐渐抵达成都市2 km高空,并于夜间达到峰值.退偏比相较本地污染累积阶段明显增大,各时段退偏比结构类似,近地面数值略低于高空.④混合影响阶段,消光系数强度小幅回升,退偏比显示有部分沙尘粒子漂浮在1～2 km高度上.