溴代阻燃剂对氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸提废旧电脑主板覆层铜的影响

以破碎至10~20目(0.84~2.00 mm)的废旧电脑主板颗粒为试验材料,分为未处理(未去除溴代阻燃剂的主板颗粒)、处理(去除30%溴代阻燃剂的主板颗粒)、加萃取物(处理主板颗粒和萃取物)、对照4组. 以CCl₄作为萃取剂,采用固液萃取技术,分析了在微生物作用下不同处理组中ρ(Cu2+)、ρ(Fe3+)、E_h(氧化还原电位)和pH的变化,以考察溴代阻燃剂对氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans)浸Cu率的影响. 结果表明:随着浸提时间的增加,氧化亚铁硫杆菌对未处理、处理和加萃取物3组的浸Cu率不同,其中处理组最好,加萃取物组最差. 浸提过程中,ρ(Fe3+)、E_h和pH与微生物活性、浸Cu率显著相关,表现为微生物活性越好,ρ(Cu2+)和pH越大,ρ(Fe3+)和E_h越小. 浸提24和168 h,处理组的浸Cu率比未处理组分别提高了14.11%和17.37%; 而加萃取物组的浸Cu率比未处理组分别降低了27.69%和21.67%. 表明废旧电脑主板中的溴代阻燃剂是影响微生物浸Cu率的重要因素之一. 为进一步提高浸Cu率,必须考虑溴代阻燃剂对微生物生长的影响.      

广州大气二恶英污染水平及其季节变化特征

为了解广州环境空气中二恶英的污染发展趋势与季节变化, 应用高分辨率气相色谱-高分辨质谱仪(HRGC/HRMS)对广州6个区域大气样品中的17种2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs含量进行了分析. 结果表明:2010─2011年广州大气ρ(二恶英)(以毒性当量浓度计)在112～5 620 fg/m3之间. 背景区、住宅区、商业区和交通区的大气ρ(二恶英)年均值较接近, 分别为356、323、370、461 fg/m3,范围分别为38~1 568、80~1 528、90~650、171~1 157 fg/m3; 郊区与工业区的大气ρ(二恶英)年均值相对较高, 分别为571和2 000 fg/m3,范围分别为54~2 967、265~10 676 fg/m3. 与2004─2005年广州市区环境空气污染水平相比, 市区(居住区、商业区、交通区)大气ρ(二恶英)变化不大, 而郊区和工业区的值有明显增加. 除工业区监测点外,广州秋、冬、春、夏季大气ρ(二恶英)分别为331、402、629、191 fg/m3,春季值较高与大气污染及不利气象条件在春季出现频率较高有关.      

Municipal wastewater treatment in China: Development history and future perspectives

The history of China’s municipal wastewater management is revisited. The remaining challenges in wastewater sector in China are identified. New concept municipal wastewater treatment plants are highlighted. An integrated plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery is envisaged. China has the world’s largest and still growing wastewater sector and water market, thus its future development will have profound influence on the world. The high-speed development of China’s wastewater sector over the past 40 years has forged its global leading treatment capacity and innovation ability. However, many problems were left behind, including underdeveloped sewers and sludge disposal facilities, low sustainability of the treatment processes, questionable wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent discharge standards, and lacking global thinking on harmonious development between wastewater management, human society and the nature. Addressing these challenges calls for fundamental changes in target design, policy and technologies. In this mini-review, we revisit the development history of China’s municipal wastewater management and identify the remaining challenges. Also, we highlight the future needs of sustainable development and exploring China’s own wastewater management path, and outlook the future from several aspects including targets of wastewater management, policies and technologies, especially the new concept WWTP. Furthermore, we envisage the establishment of new-generation WWTPs with the vision of turning WWTP from a site of pollutant removal into a plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery and an integrated part urban ecology in China.     

PPCPs in a drinking water treatment plant in the Yangtze River Delta of China: Occurrence,removal and risk assessment

• 39 PPCPs were investigated at a DWTP using the Yangtze River as its water source. • Grab and continuous sampling were conducted for the comparison of data consistency. • Ketoprofen & carbamazepine can be risk management indicators because of the high RQ. The occurrence and removal of 39 targeted pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from source water, through a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) to the water supply station, were investigated around the central part of Yangtze River Delta in China using both grab sampling and continuous sampling. Totally 24 of the 39 targeted PPCPs were detected in raw water, and 12 PPCPs were detected in the finished water. The highest observed concentration was enrofloxacin (85.623 ng/L) in raw water. Removal efficiencies were remarkably negative correlated with log K_ow (r = -0.777, p<0.01) after calibration control of concentration, indicating that more soluble PPCPs are easier to remove by the combined process (prechlorination and flocculation/precipitation), the concentration level also had a great impact on the removal efficiency. The normal process in the pilot DWTP seems to be ineffective for PPCPs control, with the limited removal efficiency of less than 30% for each step: pre-chlorination, flocculation and precipitation, post-chlorination and filter. There were notable differences between the data from continuous sampling and grab sampling, which should be considered for different monitoring purposes. The chlorination and the hydrolytic decomposition of PPCPs in the water supply pipe may attenuate PPCPs concentration in the pipeline network. The PPCPs examined in the effluent of DWTP do not impose a potential health risk to the local consumers due to their RQ value lower than 0.00067.     

Influence of reclaimed water discharge on the dissemination and relationships of sulfonamide,sulfonamide resistance genes along the Chaobai River,Beijing

Reclaimed water threatens the ecological safety of the Chaobai River. SMX, TMP, and SDZ were the first three abundant antibiotics in the research area. SRGs and intI1 were widespread with high abundance after reclaimed water recharge. The SRGs values followed the sequence: Summer>autumn>spring>winter. Strong correlations were detected between SRGs and environmental factors. Reclaimed water represents an important source of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes, threatening the ecological safety of receiving environments, while alleviating water resource shortages. This study investigated the dissemination of sulfonamide (SAs), sulfonamide resistance genes (SRGs), and class one integrons (intI1) in the surface water of the recharging area of the Chaobai River. The three antibiotics sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and sulfadiazine had the highest abundance. The highest absolute abundances were 2.91×10⁶, 6.94×10⁶, and 2.18×10⁴ copies/mL for sul1, sul2, and intI1 at the recharge point, respectively. SRGs and intI1 were widespread and had high abundance not only at the recharging point, but also in remote areas up to 8 km away. Seasonal variations of SRGs abundance followed the order of summer>autumn>spring>winter. Significant correlations were found between SRGs and intI1 (R² = 0.887 and 0.786, p<0.01), indicating the potential risk of SRGs dissemination. Strong correlations between the abundance of SRGs and environmental factors were also found, suggesting that appropriate environmental conditions favor the spread of SRGs. The obtained results indicate that recharging with reclaimed water causes dissemination and enrichment of SAs and SRGs in the receiving river. Further research is required for the risk assessment and scientific management of reclaimed water.     

整体性治理视域下防治外来物种入侵法治研究

外来物种入侵是威胁国家生物多样性、生态安全和公众健康的重大安全问题。《生物安全法》的通过为防治外来物种入侵提供了综合性的制度规范。我国防治外来物种入侵法治实践长期以行政规制为主导,较少关注司法机关、企事业单位、社会组织和公众等法律主体在治理中的作用。行政规制治理中执法机构及其职能与管理手段的碎片化,亦无法回应高风险社会防治外来物种入侵的需要。我国防治外来物种入侵法治建设应当坚持整体性治理理念,以整体安全观为指导,坚持风险预防、防治结合,明确综合管理程序及责任法律制度和一体化协同执法机制,健全防治外来物种入侵行政规制体系;引入公众参与,形成政府、企事业单位、社会组织和公众协同治理外来物种入侵,鼓励外来物种入侵公益诉讼等,完善防治外来物种入侵的多元共治体系,共促国家生物安全治理体系。     

影响不同农作物镉富集系数的土壤因素

农作物的Cd富集系数（BCF）受多种因素影响.为明确田间条件下不同农作物的Cd富集系数特征差异及土壤性质对其影响,分别在我国水稻、小麦和玉米主产区不同污染程度的地块上作物收获期采集土壤和作物籽粒点对点样品,研究水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的Cd富集系数特征及土壤性质对不同农作物的Cd富集系数的影响,并通过多元回归方程建立以上农作物Cd富集系数与土壤性质的定量关系.结果表明,在田间土壤中Cd含量范围为0.15~2.66 mg·kg^-1条件下,水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米Cd富集系数的均值分别为0.915、0.155、0.113和0.102,水稻明显高于小麦和玉米,春玉米的Cd富集系数最低.土壤中的Cd含量与小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的BCF呈极显著负相关;土壤有机质（SOM）与小麦、夏玉米BCF之间的关系呈极显著负相关;土壤pH和阳离子交换量（CEC）对作物BCF也有影响.引入土壤Cd含量、pH、SOM、CEC等因素,建立水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的Cd富集系数预测方程.水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的BCF预测方程相关系数分别为0.423^*、0.796^**、0.826^**和0.551^**,均达到显著或极显著水平,可以较好地预测不同土壤条件下不同农作物的BCF值.     

鄱阳湖大型底栖动物群落结构的空间分布及影响因子研究

由于受人类活动干扰的加强以及受与长江干流之间"江湖关系"变化的影响,近年来鄱阳湖水生生态系统的状况及变化受到较多关注。对底栖动物群落结构的研究将有助于了解鄱阳湖生态系统结构现状及影响因子,对鄱阳湖保护对策的制定形成有效支撑。2016年7月,对鄱阳湖湖区(分别于鄱阳湖保护区和南矶山保护区)的底栖动物群落结构及相关环境因子进行了调查。调查共发现大型底栖动物27种,隶属于5门8纲,平均密度为48.40 ind.·m-2,其中主要以软体动物门为主;平均生物量为28.12 g·m-2,亦主要由软体动物门贡献。湖区主要优势种为河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)(优势度y=0.0655)、铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)(y=0.0336)、霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)(y=0.0268)。底栖动物密度、生物量及多样性指数均呈现出鄱阳湖保护区高于南矶山保护区的格局,且二者在群落组成上有明显差异,鄱阳湖自然保护区主要以腹足纲和寡毛纲为主,南矶山自然保护区主要以瓣鳃纲和腹足纲为主。典范对应分析的结果显示,鄱阳湖保护区主要受到高水深、低浊度及高溶氧的影响;南矶山保护区各样点之间群落相似性较差,分别受不同因子的影响,这表明在各区域内部,局域微生境在局域群落结构的塑造上起主要作用,因此该区域内生态系统的保护应适当考虑空间尺度。     

北京河流大型底栖动物空间格局及其环境响应研究

大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性对于区域河流环境状况具有重要的指示意义。基于2014年5月—2015年8月间北京市河流大型底栖动物群落结构调查数据,分析底栖动物的生物多样性特征和空间格局。调查共发现大型底栖动物151种(或分类单元),隶属于5门9纲67科127属,水生昆虫占绝对优势。聚类分析表明76个采样点可被分为4组,组1主要包含北部山区的潮白河水系,具有较为典型的山溪型河流底栖动物特征,组2主要包含永定河山峡段和北运河水系的清河,组3主要包含大清河水系和北运河水系的温榆河、北沙河、南沙河等,二者具有城市河流兼有山溪型河流底栖动物的特征,组4主要包含北运河水系,具有典型的城市河流底栖动物特征。优势种分析表明:组1的优势种为热水四节蜉(Baetis thermicus)、秀丽白虾(Exopalaemon modestus)和网栖石蛾(Cheumatopsyche sp.),组2为直突摇蚊(Orthocladius sp.)、钩虾(Gammarus sp.)和长足摇蚊(Tanypus sp.),组3为摇蚊科幼虫(larvae of Chironomidae)和寡毛类(Oligochaeta),组4是以中华摇蚊(Chironomus sinicus)为代表的摇蚊幼虫。功能摄食类群研究表明:组1以收集者和滤食者占绝对优势,相对丰度分别为60%和29.6%;组2、组3、组4均以收集者占绝对优势,相对丰度分别为97.7%、90%、97.5%。物种数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数的组间差异性显著(P0.05)。研究表明,北京河流大型底栖动物受河流自然环境变化的影响显著,形成了典型的山区-城市底栖动物空间格局,山区河流中保持了较高的生物多样性,城市河流及其过渡区的大型底栖动物退化明显,大型底栖动物能够明显指示环境状况的变化并可指导河流环境的保护与恢复。     

氧化锰与氧化铈协同等离子体催化氧化甲醇的活性差异研究

在等离子体催化系统中,不同催化剂常表现出显著的性能差异.本文通过表面氧物种表征及臭氧氧化原位反应,探究了α-MnO₂与CeO₂两种常用催化剂在等离子体催化系统中催化氧化甲醇性能差异的本质原因.等离子体催化氧化甲醇的性能评价结果显示,在相同输入功率下CeO₂对甲醇的转化率和CO₂选择性均高于α-MnO₂.氧气程序升温脱附（O₂-TPD）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等表征手段及甲醇常温催化、O₃分解和O₃催化氧化实验结果表明,CeO₂比α-MnO₂拥有更多的表面活性氧,能吸附活化更多的甲醇分子;同时,CeO₂能更有效地利用臭氧分解产生的活性氧物种对甲醇进行深度氧化.进一步通过原位DRIFTS实验研究两种催化剂协同臭氧催化氧化甲醇反应中间产物的变化,结果表明,CeO₂催化剂氧化甲醇的表面副产物较少,而α-MnO₂表面则会累积大量的副产物碳酸盐,从而影响其催化性能.