基于能值-生命力指数的城市生态系统健康集对分析

综合考虑城市的生命体特征及物质能量代谢层面因素,依托城市生命力指数框架,结合能值指标,构建城市能值-生命力指数,以全面反映城市生态系统健康状况.引入集对分析这种不确定理论与方法,比较城市生态系统相对健康状况.采用基于集对分析的城市能值-生命力指数综合评价模型及信息熵权重,比较北京、上海、武汉、广州等16个城市的生态系统相对健康状况,结果表明,厦门、青岛、杭州、上海、北京健康水平相对较高,而乌鲁木齐、成都、哈尔滨健康水平相对较低,其他城市则为中等水平.     

灾后重建土地利用规划环评重点内容解析与实证

在对四川汶川灾后重建土地利用规划环境影响评价区域与评价对象特征进行分析的基础上,对规划实施的主要资源环境制约因素进行了识别与分析,进而分析并确定了其评价要点;结合灾后重建土地规划环评实践工作,对评价重点内容与要点进行了初步应用。     

Risk to humans of consuming metals in anchovy (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Coilia</Emphasis> sp.) from the Yangtze River Delta

Concentrations of metals were determined in four species of anchovy (Coilia sp.) from the Yangtze River, Taihu Lake, and Hongze Lake in Jiangsu Province, China. Concentrations of Cr in anchovy fish muscle ranged from 2.6 × 10⁻² to 5.0 mg/kg ww, and Coilia nasus taihuensis in Jiaoshan, Taihu Lake contained the highest concentrations of Cr, which was almost 111-fold higher than the mean value at other locations. Concentrations of Pb ranged from 1.5 × 10⁻² to 1.3 × 10⁻¹ mg/kg ww. Comparisons of concentrations of lead (Pb) among the four species indicated that anadromous species contained higher concentrations of Pb than did freshwater species. However, concentrations of Pb in C. nasus from the Nanjing and Haimen locations in the Yangtze River were not significant higher than those of two freshwater species: C. nasus taihuensis from Taihu Lake and C. brachygnathus from Hongze Lake (Duncan’s test, α = 0.05). While concentrations of Cd and Zn ranged from 7.0 × 10⁻⁴ to 3.6 × 10⁻³ mg/kg ww and 3.4 to 4.8 mg/kg ww, respectively, there were no significant differences in concentrations among the eight locations. The only concentration of the metals studied that exceeded the Chinese National Standard was Cr in Coilia from Jiaoshan, Taihu Lake, which was 2.5-fold higher than the standard. These results indicate that people who consume the genus Coilia are not at risk due to concentrations of metals, except Cr in C. nasus taihuensis from Jiaoshan in Taihu Lake. Concentrations of all of the metals studied except for Cr were similar to or less than those of metals in most other areas in the world.     

Methane and carbon dioxide production from simulated anaerobic degradation of cattle carcasses

Approximately 2.2million cattle carcasses require disposal annually in the United States. Land burial is a convenient disposal method that has been widely used in animal production for disposal of both daily mortalities as well as during catastrophic mortality events. To date, greenhouse gas production after mortality burial has not been quantified, and this study represents the first attempt to quantify greenhouse gas emissions from land burial of animal carcasses. In this study, anaerobic decomposition of both homogenized and unhomogenized cattle carcass material was investigated using bench-scale reactors. Maximum yields of methane and carbon dioxide were 0.33 and 0.09m(3)/kg dry material, respectively, a higher methane yield than that previously reported for municipal solid waste. Variability in methane production rates were observed over time and between reactors. Based on our laboratory data, annual methane emissions from burial of cattle mortalities in the United States could total 1.6Tg CO(2) equivalents. Although this represents less than 1% of total emissions produced by the agricultural sector in 2009, greenhouse gas emissions from animal carcass burial may be significant if disposal of swine and poultry carcasses is also considered.     

我国森林资源及其产品流动特征分析

论文运用物流分析的基本思想,基于我国森林资源产品的产量、贸易量统计资料,采用统一的“原木当量(m³)”单位,沿森林资源采伐→资源产品加工→资源产品消费链,研究了我国“九五”期间主要森林资源产品的流动状况。结果表明,我国“九五”期间年均消耗森林资源16962×10⁴m³,其中48.3%来自国外;本国森林资源主要流向原木、锯材、人造板加工制造行业,仅有9.3%用于制浆造纸;而纸类产品所用的森林资源主要依赖于进口;终端消费中75%的森林资源产品用于建筑装修、家具生产和包装3个主要消费项。因此,认为我国必须提高森林资源利用效率、增加纸类产品中的森林资源用量,以提高我国森林资源流动的经济效益;资源战略上既要充分利用国外森林资源,又要提高我国资源供给的保障能力。     

聚合硫酸铁制备方法研究及其发展

聚合硫酸铁是一种优质高效无机高分子絮凝剂,在水处理领域中有良好的应用前景.本文探讨和综述了聚合硫酸铁制备方法的研究现状和发展趋势,并比较了各种方法的优缺点.内容包括:直接氧化法、催化氧化法、一步法、两步法、微生物氧化法以及其它一些新颖的制备方法.     

仪表控制与空气分离生产安全的探讨

在传统生产中,人们往往忽略仪器对安全的作用,简述仪器在空气分离生产中的应用及作用.     

烟叶的燃烧和着火特性的研究

用锥型量热计研究了三种烟叶在暴露于不同辐射热通量下的燃烧特性。实验结果表明,在较低的辐射热通量下,烟叶的燃烧过程主要是以阴燃为主,;在较高的热通量下,烟叶先发生着火燃烧,再转为阴燃。     

贵州喀斯特山区生态环境脆弱性及其生态整治

贵州是我国喀斯特地貌最发育的省份之一,属典型的生态环境脆弱区通过对人口容量、生物生产力与生物量、敏感性和承灾能力等4个方面的分析阐述了贵州喀斯特山区生态环境脆弱性的基本特征,探讨了喀斯特脆弱环境形成的自然因子和人类活动因子的影响机理,根据我国西部大开发中生态建设的要求,提出了贵州喀斯特山区脆弱生态环境的整治对策．     

6-苄氨基腺嘌呤对江汉平原小麦开花后渍害的缓减效应研究

于2011~2012年度及2012~2013年度开展小麦开花后渍水试验,研究开花后渍水对小麦产量的影响及渍水前喷施6-苄氨基腺嘌呤(6-BA)对产量的效应。结果表明,2011~2012年度及2012~2013年度江汉平原小麦开花期至成熟期均有持续降水分布,其中2011年4~5月累计降雨量达1941 mm,2012年同期累计降雨量达2855 mm,表明江汉平原小麦生殖生长期有较大渍害风险。本试验研究表明,开花后渍水,小麦植株衰老进程加速,叶片严重早衰失绿,旗叶光合速率降低;渍水前喷施6-BA,可缓减叶片衰老趋势,缩小旗叶光合速率降低幅度。开花后渍水亦导致根系活力降低,渍水前喷施6-BA可缓减根系活力降低,其中至灌浆中期,渍水处理根系活力仅为对照的563%,6-BA+渍水处理根系活力较渍水处理提高66%,差异达显著水平。渍水处理生物产量及籽粒产量均显著低于对照,渍水前喷施6-BA,生物产量、籽粒产量较渍水处理比较均有所提高,其中生物产量较渍水处理提高77%,籽粒产量提高137%。总之,在本试验条件下,开花后渍水导致光合速率、根系活力、生物产量、籽粒产量等显著降低,渍水前喷施6-BA可在一定程度上缓减渍害效应,在渍害发生后促进籽粒产量形成,据2011~2012年度及2012~2013年度产量结果估算,渍水前喷施6-BA相当于每6667 m2可减少427 kg 产量损失,即约1/3以上的田块未发生渍害