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911.
The photocatalytic degradation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in aqueous TiO2 suspension under UV illumination has been investigated using oxygen (O2) and ferrate (Fe(VI)) as electron acceptors. The experiments demonstrated that Fe(VI) was a more effective electron acceptor than O2 for scavenging the conduction band electrons from the surface of the catalyst. Some major intermediate products from DMP degradation were identified by HPLC and GC/MS analyses. The analytical results identified dimethyl 3-hydroxyphthalate and dimethyl 2-hydroxyphthalate as the two main intermediate products from the DMP degradation in the TiO2–UV–O2 system, while in contrast phthalic acid was found to be the main intermediate product in the TiO2–UV–Fe(VI) system. These findings indicate that DMP degradation in the TiO2–UV–O2 and TiO2–UV–Fe(VI) systems followed different reaction pathways. An electron spin resonance analysis confirmed that hydroxyl radicals existed in the TiO2–UV–O2 reaction system and an unknown radical species (most likely an iron–oxo species) is suspected to exist in the TiO2–UV–Fe(VI) reaction system. Two pathway schemes of DMP degradation in the TiO2–UV–O2 and TiO2–UV–Fe(VI) reaction systems are proposed. It is believed that the radicals formed in the TiO2–UV–O2 reaction system preferably attack the aromatic ring of the DMP, while in contrast the radicals formed in the TiO2–UV–Fe(VI) reaction systems attack the alkyl chain of DMP. 相似文献
912.
A directional passive air sampler for monitoring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air mass
Tao S Liu YN Lang C Wang WT Yuan HS Zhang DY Qiu WX Liu JM Liu ZG Liu SZ Yi R Ji M Liu XX 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(2):435-441
A passive air sampler was developed for collecting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air mass from various directions. The airflow velocity within the sampler was assessed for its responses to ambient wind speed and direction. The sampler was examined for trapped particles, evaluated quantitatively for influence of airflow velocity and temperature on PAH uptake, examined for PAH uptake kinetics, calibrated against active sampling, and finally tested in the field. The airflow volume passing the sampler was linearly proportional to ambient wind speed and sensitive to wind direction. The uptake rate for an individual PAH was a function of airflow velocity, temperature and the octanol-air partitioning coefficient of the PAH. For all PAHs with more than two rings, the passive sampler operated in a linear uptake phase for three weeks. Different PAH concentrations were obtained in air masses from different directions in the field test. 相似文献
913.
Empirical and simulated critical loads for nitrogen deposition in California mixed conifer forests 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Fenn ME Jovan S Yuan F Geiser L Meixner T Gimeno BS 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,155(3):492-511
Empirical critical loads (CL) for N deposition were determined from changes in epiphytic lichen communities, elevated NO(3)(-) leaching in streamwater, and reduced fine root biomass in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) at sites with varying N deposition. The CL for lichen community impacts of 3.1kg ha(-1) year(-1) is expected to protect all components of the forest ecosystem from the adverse effects of N deposition. Much of the western Sierra Nevada is above the lichen-based CL, showing significant changes in lichen indicator groups. The empirical N deposition threshold and that simulated by the DayCent model for enhanced NO(3)(-)leaching were 17kg N ha(-1) year(-1). DayCent estimated that elevated NO(3)(-) leaching in the San Bernardino Mountains began in the late 1950s. Critical values for litter C:N (34.1), ponderosa pine foliar N (1.1%), and N concentrations (1.0%) in the lichen Letharia vulpina ((L.) Hue) are indicative of CL exceedance. 相似文献
914.
Yu FC Chen CY Lin SC Lin YC Wu SY Cheung KW 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,132(1-3):419-428
As the embodiment of human activities, the change of regional industrial structure is an essential driving factor of global
environmental change. Consequently, the research on the change of regional industrial structure and associated effects on
the environment is one of the key issues of researches on sustainable development, human–environment relationship, and regional
response to global environment change. However, compared to the flourish of researches on environmental impact assessment
of industrial departments, few studies have been conducted to assess the environmental impact of regional industrial structure.
In this study, based on a synthetic analysis of environmental disturbances of different industrial departments, the environmental
impact coefficient of industrial department associated with the index of environmental impact of industrial structure was
constructed, so as to make a quantitative assessment of environmental impact of the change of regional industrial structure.
And the results of the case study in Lijiang City, a rural region of China, have showed that there are two obvious changes
of industrial structure in the study area from 1992 to 2003, associated with a continuous decreasing of the index of environmental
impact of industrial structure, which indicated a positive environmental effects of the change of regional industrial structure. 相似文献
915.
A series of supported palladium catalysts were evaluated for their ability to mediate the complete hydrogenation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) or phenanthrene (Phe) in hexane was merged with a hydrogen-carbon dioxide [5% (w/w) H(2)/CO(2)] stream and transferred to a flow through mini-reactor (capacity ca. 1 g) that was maintained at 90 degrees C under a back-pressure of 20.68 MPa. Effluent from the reactor trapped in hexane was monitored/quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Catalyst formulations supported on iron powder, high density polyethylene (HDPE) or gamma-alumina were prepared and compared in terms of hydrogenation activity as measured by the quantity of substrate per unit time that could be perhydrogenated to toxicologically innocuous products. Both of the Pd preparations supported on gamma-alumina were more efficient than a commercial Pd(0) (5% w/w) on gamma-Al(2)O(3) formulation or preparations supported on HDPE or the iron powder. Bimetallic mixtures with Pd increased the hydrogenation activity when co-deposited with Cu or Ni but not with Ag or Co. However, increases in hydrogenation activity by increasing the loading of Pd (or bimetallic mixture) on this surface were limited. Despite using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO(2)) to swell the surfaces of the polymer, the deposition of nanoparticles within the polyethylene formulation was appreciably less active than either the oxidic or the Fe(0) formulations. 相似文献
916.
917.
Liu S Tao S Liu W Dou H Liu Y Zhao J Little MG Tian Z Wang J Wang L Gao Y 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(3):651-656
Passive air sampling (PAS) was employed to study the occurrence of gaseous and particle-bound PAHs in the North Chinese Plain. The averaged concentrations of gaseous and particle-bound PAHs were 485 ± 209 ng/m3 and 267 ± 161 ng/m3, respectively. The PAHs concentrations at urban sites were generally higher than those at rural ones with ratios <1.5 in spring, summer and fall, but differences between them were not significant for the wintertime and annually averaged concentrations. This urban-rural distribution pattern was related to the PAHs emission sources. PAHs spatial variation can be partially (49%) explained by emission with a simple linear regression method. Both the gaseous and particle-bound PAHs were highest in winter and lowest in summer, with winter/summer ratios of 1.8 and 8, respectively. Emission strength was the most important factor for the seasonality. 相似文献
918.
919.
Lin HY Chen WC Yuan CS Hung CH 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2008,58(1):78-84
The effects of steam activation on the surface functional characteristics of waste tire-derived carbon black were investigated. Two carbon-based materials, powdered carbon black (PCB) and PCB-derived powdered activated carbon (PCB-PAC), were selected for this study. A stainless steel tubular oven was used to activate the PCB at an activation temperature of 900 degrees C and 1 atm using steam as an activating reagent. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was adopted to measure the surface composition and chemical structure of carbon surface. Various elemental spectra (C, O, and S) of each carbon sample were further deconvoluted by peak synthesis. Results showed that the surfaces of PCB and PCB-PAC consisted mainly of C-C and C-O. The PCB-PAC surface had a higher percentage of oxygenated functional groups (C=O and O-C=O) than PCB. The O1s spectra show that the oxygen detected on the PCB surface was mainly bonded to carbon (C-O), whereas the oxygen on the PCB-PAC surface could be bonded to hydrogen (O-H) and carbon (C-O). Sulfur on the surface of PCB consisted of 58.9 wt% zinc sulfide (ZnS) and 41.1 wt% S=C=S, whereas that on the surfaces of PCB-PAC consisted mainly of S=C=S. Furthermore, the increase of oxygen content from 9.6% (PCB) to 11.9% (PCB-PAC) resulted in the increase of the pH values of PCB-PAC after steam activation. 相似文献
920.
主成分分析法在三江交汇处水质分析中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文应用主成分分析法,利用三江交汇处的三个断面从1984年到1998年的监测资料对交汇处的水质做分析,分析前先对量化数据标准化处理,处理后提取主成分,并且计算其贡献率和累计贡献率,再由相应的特征向量得到主成分的线性表达式。结果表明:五项影响因素中,三个断面桔水期均受亚硝酸盐氮的影响比较大,丰水期和平水期均受悬浮物和化学需氧量的影响比较大。交汇前,小南门断面的水质综合污染最严重,凉姜沟断面的水质综合污染最轻;交汇后,三江口断面的水质在两者的缓冲下,水质综合污染居中。则说明主成分分析法为河流的综合治理提供了科学依据。 相似文献