Cu–Mn–Ce ternary mixed-oxide catalysts for catalytic combustion of toluene

Cu–Mn, Cu–Mn–Ce, and Cu–Ce mixed-oxide catalysts were prepared by a citric acid sol–gel method and then characterized by XRD, BET, H₂-TPR and XPS analyses. Their catalytic properties were investigated in the toluene combustion reaction. Results showed that the Cu–Mn–Ce ternary mixed-oxide catalyst with 1:2:4 mole ratios had the highest catalytic activity, and 99% toluene conversion was achieved at temperatures below 220°C. In the Cu–Mn–Ce catalyst, a portion of Cu and Mn species entered into the CeO₂ fluorite lattice, which led to the formation of a ceria-based solid solution. Excess Cu and Mn oxides existed on the surface of the ceria-based solid solution. The coexistence of Cu–Mn mixed oxides and the ceria-based solid solution resulted in a better synergetic interaction than the Cu–Mn and Cu–Ce catalysts, which promoted catalyst reducibility, increased oxygen mobility, and enhanced the formation of abundant active oxygen species.     

Do vehicular emissions dominate the source of C6–C8 aromatics in the megacity Shanghai of eastern China?

The characteristic ratios of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) to i-pentane, the indicator of vehicular emissions, were employed to apportion the vehicular and non-vehicular contributions to reactive species in urban Shanghai. Two kinds of tunnel experiments, one tunnel with more than 90% light duty gasoline vehicles and the other with more than 60% light duty diesel vehicles, were carried out to study the characteristic ratios of vehicle-related emissions from December 2009 to January 2010. Based on the experiments, the characteristic ratios of C6–C8aromatics to i-pentane of vehicular emissions were 0.53 ± 0.08(benzene), 0.70 ± 0.12(toluene),0.41 ± 0.09(m,p-xylenes), 0.16 ± 0.04(o-xylene), 0.023 ± 0.011(styrene), and 0.15 ± 0.02(ethylbenzene), respectively. The source apportionment results showed that around 23.3% of C6–C8 aromatics in urban Shanghai were from vehicular emissions, which meant that the non-vehicular emissions had more importance. These findings suggested that emission control of non-vehicular sources, i.e. industrial emissions, should also receive attention in addition to the control of vehicle-related emissions in Shanghai. The chemical removal of VOCs during the transport from emissions to the receptor site had a large impact on the apportionment results. Generally, the overestimation of vehicular contributions would occur when the VOC reaction rate constant with OH radicals(k OH) was larger than that of the vehicular indicator, while for species with smaller k OH than the vehicular indicator, the vehicular contribution would be underestimated by the method of characteristic ratios.     

3种酚酸对中肋骨条藻生长的抑制作用

采用外源添加方式,通过监测藻细胞数量变化,分析了香草酸、对羟基苯甲酸和焦性没食子酸对中肋骨条藻生长的抑制作用。结果表明,在32~256mg/L浓度范围内,随着浓度的增大,3种酚酸对中肋骨条藻的抑制作用明显增强。当浓度为192mg/L时,3种酚酸对中肋骨条藻的生长抑制率超过50%。香草酸、对羟基苯甲酸和焦性没食子酸对中肋骨条藻的半抑制浓度分别为153mg/L、145mg/L和108.0mg/L。进一步,研究发现3种酚酸的半抑制浓度作用下,藻细胞内叶绿素、蛋白质和多糖含量明显低于对照组,胞外蛋白质和胞外多糖含量没有明显差异,但二者比值与对照组相比,有明显的增大趋势。3种酚酸显著降低了藻细胞SOD和POD比活力,尤其是显著降低了POD比活力,使其比活力降低为对照组的18%~39%。香草酸、对羟基苯甲酸和焦性没食子酸均致使藻细胞MDA含量明显升高,其数值增大为对照组的1.6、2.2和2.4倍。上述研究表明,3种酚酸通过影响某些主要生化成分的合成及其活性的影响,从而实现对中肋骨条藻生长的抑制作用。     

废水中α-氯代环己基苯基甲酮的电化学降解

采用石墨电极对含α-氯代环己基苯基甲酮的氯化清洗水进行电化学降解。结果表明,电化学降解对COD的去除效果非常明显,并且随着电流密度增加,COD的去除效率逐渐升高,电流密度由15 mA/cm2增加至100 mA/cm2, COD的去除率从39.7%升高到72.3%;电化学降解作用下,水样可生化性显著提高,降解2 h后,(BOD5)/(COD)由原水的0.22提高到0.46;电化学降解过程中,COD的降解遵循零级反应动力学方程;此外,还对电化学降解过程中α-氯代环己基苯基甲酮的降解途径进行了推测。     

层次分析法在炼油储运系统中的运用

采用层次分析法建立了储运系统主要安全问题的层次分析法模型,并运用专业软件Yaaph计算得到了主要安全问题的影响程度(权重值),进而确定系统中的关键安全因素.     

面向对象思想与多任务保障作业风险分析研究

为了有效识别民用机场多任务保障作业所带来的交叉、死锁、互斥等作业风险,并解决民用机场风险管理过程中辨识方法标准不统一等问题,提出了基于面向对象的安全风险识别模型,从功能的分解、抽象、模块化、封装四个基本方面对民用机场多任务保障中的风险识别环节展开研究,完成了民用机场危险源基类模板的绘制;结合组合数学知识,通过对对象间的作用分析,来识别民用机场多任务保障作业中的交叉、死锁、互斥等运行风险;结合应用示例,通过理论分析与实例应用,验证了该风险分析模型的可行性。     

堆积体滑坡的成因及稳定性分析——以黟县林川滑坡为例

林川滑坡是较典型的因不合理采石而形成的堆积体碎石土滑坡,其形成明显受人为活动影响。在野外调查和室内研究的基础上,分析了该滑坡的地质结构、形成机制和控制因素。运用不平衡推力法计算天然和久雨状态下滑坡的稳定性。结果表明,天然状态下,A-A′剖面所在区域目前均处于稳定状态,C-C′剖面和D-D′剖面区域均处于基本稳定状态。久雨饱和状态下,滑坡三个剖面区域均处于不稳定状态。通过分析三个剖面各条块的推力计算数据,认为该滑坡失稳时可能不是整体滑动,而是在坡体中部滑面倾角变化较大处开始拉裂,裂缝下部坡体滑动,上部坡体保持局部稳定。根据该滑坡的变形特征提出了相应的防治建议。     

汽车工业中水回用于冷却水系统的研究

汽车生产过程中伴随着大量的自来水消耗与废水排放,因此,汽车工业具有较大的节能减排潜力.国内某汽车厂采用膜过滤技术对达标排放的废水进行深度处理,中水水质达到冷却水回用标准,作为补充水回用于循环冷却水系统.通过对中水水质的监控和冷却水系统的运行控制,保证中水回用实施效果.结果表明:中水回用后,循环冷却水满足系统运行条件,既节约了自来水的消耗又达到了减少污染物排放的目的,在汽车工业中具有一定的推广应用价值.     

基于RIAM模型的生态旅游开发环境影响评价研究

RIAM (Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix)是进行环境影响快速识别的半定量评价方法,能综合考虑项目对自然环境-生物生态-社会文化-经济发展的影响,评价过程较传统评价方法更为透明公开.以武夷山生态旅游开发项目为例,应用RIAM模型进行生态环评,可以明确地表达项目的综合环境影响,使各种替代方案环境影响对比清晰明了,且还能快速判断出生态旅游开发的主要负环境影响排序.RIAM环评方法使环评过程透明,环评结果表达直观,能更好服务于环境决策和管理.     

基于百度指数的长江中游城市群城市网络特征研究

随着地理研究迈入大数据时代,运用互联网展开城市网络结构研究逐渐成为经理地理研究的新思路。以长江中游城市群为研究对象,借助百度指数,获取2011年~2014年百度用户关注度,构建百度指数城市信息流网络,从大城市群视角和所辖三大子城市群视角,分别探讨城市网络格局的时空变化。研究发现:长江中游城市群在一体化进程中城市等级日益明晰,差距拉大。三大子城市群表现出极化效应与扩散效应并存,区域非均衡性突显;互联网的普及在一定程度上重塑和改造着城市群,但非完全颠覆传统城市网络格局,地理区位对城市网络格局和城市影响力的影响仍不容忽视。