机动车污染防治政策研究

机动车污染已成为城市大气污染的主要污染源之一。并且机动车的噪声污染及废旧汽车的废物污染也越来越严重。中国已初步建立了以《大气污染防治法》为主干，以《环境噪声污染防治法》为辅助的机动车污染防治法规体系，但在管理思想及管理手段和管理环节上仍需进一步完善。     

开封城市土壤磷素组成特征及流失风险

为深入了解城市土壤磷素组成特征及其对受纳水体的影响,以开封城市表层土壤为研究对象,分析开封城市不同功能区土壤磷素的组成特征,并采用"突变点"法计算土壤磷素流失临界值,探讨开封城市不同功能区表层土壤磷素流失风险.结果表明,开封城市土壤总磷为400~1 427 mg·kg~(-1),其中无机磷占65%~99%;速效磷(Olsen-P)和易解吸磷分别为3.41~115.03 mg·kg~(-1)和0.01~9.40 mg·kg~(-1),与土壤磷素背景值相比,城市土壤磷素呈现明显集聚.开封城市土壤总磷和速效磷均呈现出东高西低,中心老城区高于新城区的空间分布格局;在不同功能区分布上,居民区土壤各形态磷素含量均最高.开封城市土壤磷素流失临界值对应的Olsen-P为22.18 mg·kg~(-1),超过临界值的土样占总土样数的33.64%,磷素流失风险最高的区域亦分布在中心老城区.     

硅肥耦合水分管理对复合污染稻田土壤As-Cd生物有效性及稻米累积阻控

选取湖南某矿区重金属镉、砷复合污染稻田土,以泰优390号为材料,通过盆栽试验研究湿润灌溉(CK)、农艺措施淹水(WF)、速溶硅肥结合淹水措施(FYsi)、矿物硅肥结合淹水措施(FKsi)及2种硅肥结合淹水(FYK)对土壤中As、Cd生物有效性及水稻糙米中As、Cd累积效应的影响.结果表明,淹水处理土壤p H值上升幅度为0.12~0.72个单位,均呈现先升高再下降,最后趋于中性的规律.淹水后,土壤Eh显著降低,FYsi、FKsi、FYK这3种配合硅肥的淹水处理土壤Eh值显著高于WF处理,与对照相比,淹水处理糙米中Cd含量降低了38.83%~65.05%,其中,WF、FYK处理对糙米Cd累积抑制效果最佳,糙米中Cd含量为0.98 mg·kg~(-1)、0.72 mg·kg~(-1);除WF处理糙米中As含量增加了36.64%外,FYsi、FKsi、FYK处理糙米中As的含量与对照相比分别降低了23.80%、38.10%、47.62%.FYsi、FYK处理对糙米As累积抑制效果最佳,糙米中As含量为0.13 mg·kg~(-1)、0.11 mg·kg~(-1).Cd各提取态含量与其在水稻糙米中的含量均呈现出极显著的正相关关系(P0.01);可交换态、TCLP提取态As与水稻糙米中As含量无显著相关关系.因此,FYsi、FKsi、FYK这3种施硅耦合淹水处理均可有效阻控稻米镉砷复合污染,其中FYK效果最佳.     

气相色谱法测定蔬菜中多种有机磷农药

探讨同时测定蔬菜中多种有机磷农药残留量的方法.蔬菜样品经前处理后用气相色谱仪测定甲胺磷、敌敌畏、乙酸甲胺磷、氧化乐果、甲拌磷、乐果、马拉硫磷和对硫磷等8 种有机磷农药残留量,测定了方法的回收率和精密度,分析了干扰情况.上述8 种农药的平均回收率分别为99.0%,96.0%,130.4%,101.3%,95.9%,99.4%,92.4%,91.0%,变异系数分别为6.91%,6.09%,9.23%,9.63%,9.18%,7.01%,6.82%,7.50%.该方法操作简便,回收率和精密度较好,干扰少.     

Controlled-release fertilizer(CRF):A green fertilizer for controlling non-point contamination in agriculture

Fertilizers contribute greatly to high yields but also result in environmental non-point contamination, including the emission of greenhouse gas(N2O) and eutrophication of water bodies. How to solve this problem has become a serious challenge, especially for China as its high ecological pressure. Controlled-release fertilizer(CRF) has been developed to minimize the contamination while keeping high yield and has become a green fertilizer for agriculture. Several CRFs made with special coating technology were used for testing the fertilizer effects in yield and environment through pot experiment and field trial. The result indicated that the CRFs had higher N use efficiency, thus reducing N loss through leaching and volatilization while keeping higher yields. Comparing with imported standard CRFs,the test on CRFs showed similar fertilizer effect but with much lower cost. CRFs application is becoming a new approach for minimizing non-point contamination in agriculture.     

Release of bioactive active iodine in kelp

The release process and influencing factors of bioactive iodine of kelp are systemically studied by leaching experiment. The results showed that the bioactive iodine of kelp can be released rapidly and the principal form of iodine in lixivium is I^- . There is a dynamic process between the release and absorption of iodine. With the increase of leaching water, the gross amounts of released iodine rise.There also exists a transforming process among I^- , IO3^- and organic iodine in lixivium.     

Preliminary studies on nitrous oxide emissions from the ornithogenic soils on Xi-sha atoll, South China Sea

IntroductionNitrousoxide (N2 O)isoneofthemostimportantgreenhousegases ,anditplaysanimportantroleinthedepletionofstratosphericozone (Crutzen ,1977;Zhu ,2 0 0 4 ) .TheatmosphericN2 Oconcentrationshavebeenincreasingattherateof 0 2 %— 0 3%peryearandthegl…     

Degradation of nitrobenzene in aqueous solution by ozone-ceramic honeycomb

IntroductionAs a promising advanced oxidation technology for watertreatment ,catalytic ozonation has received great attentionforthe efficient degradation of organic compoundsinrecent years(Legube , 1999) . Some studies showed that homogeneousand heterogen…     

Persistent organochlorine residues in sediments of the Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River in Tianjin, China

Persistent organochlorine compounds were analyzed by means of GC-ECD in surface sediment samples from two selected rivers in Tianjin, Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River. A total of 16 surface sediment sites were selected along the both rivers. The frequency of detection of T-HCH and T-DDT in sediment samples both was up to 100%, which illustrated that the contamination of HCH and DDT was widespread in Haihe and Dagu Drainage Rivers. Results indicated that the concentrations of various pesticides in sediments from Haihe River were in the range of 3.30-75.96 ng/g dw for T-HCH and 1.57-211.57 ng/g dw for T-DDT. Compared with Haihe River, Dagu Drainage River was contaminated by HCHs and DDTs along the all locations and the values of T-HCH and T-DDT residues in sediments ranged from 2.30 to 124.61 ng/g dw and from 11.28 to 237.30 ng/g dw, respectively, The possible pollution sources were analyzed through monitoring results of organochlorine pesticides（OCPs） residues in sediments from the two rivers. The investigation also indicated that HCH was still used as pesticide in Tianjin partial area.     

Application of Bayesian regularized BP neural network model for analysis of aquatic ecological data-A case study of chlorophyll-a prediction in Nanzui water area of Dongting Lake

Bayesian regularized BP neural network（BRBPNN） technique was applied in the chlorophyll-α prediction of Nanzui water area in Dongting Lake. Through BP network interpolation method, the input and output samples of the network were obtained. After the selection of input variables using stepwise/multiple linear regression method in SPSS i1.0 software, the BRBPNN model was established between chlorophyll-α and environmental parameters, biological parameters. The achieved optimal network structure was 3-11-1 with the correlation coefficients and the mean square errors for the training set and the test set as 0.999 and 0.000？8426, 0.981 and 0.0216 respectively. The sum of square weights between each input neuron and the hidden layer of optimal BRBPNN models of different structures indicated that the effect of individual input parameter on chlorophyll- α declined in the order of alga amount 〉 secchi disc depth（SD） 〉 electrical conductivity （EC）. Additionally, it also demonstrated that the contributions of these three factors were the maximal for the change of chlorophyll-α concentration, total phosphorus（TP） and total nitrogen（TN） were the minimal. All the results showed that BRBPNN model was capable of automated regularization parameter selection and thus it may ensure the excellent generation ability and robustness. Thus, this study laid the foundation for the application of BRBPNN model in the analysis of aquatic ecological data（chlorophyll-α prediction） and the explanation about the effective eutrophication treatment measures for Nanzui water area in Dongting Lake.