曝气强度对膜生物反应器污泥混合液可滤性的影响

主要研究了曝气强度对膜生物反应器(MBR)膜污染的影响.2套MBR采用恒流出水模式连续运行60 d,曝气强度分别为500及100 L/h,应用死端过滤装置来检测不同阶段污泥混合液的可滤性.实验中对不同曝气强度下的溶解性微生物代谢产物(SMP)分子质量分布、颗粒粒径分布、胞外聚合物(EPS)含量进行了测定.结果表明,过高的曝气强度将恶化污泥混合液的可滤性,增加了膜污染速率.进一步研究表明,曝气强度的增加导致了污泥混合液上清液中相对分子质量>10000的SMP浓度的增加,此部分大分子有机物浓度直接影响了污泥混合液的可滤性.过高的曝气强度也导致了污泥絮体中1～10μm细小颗粒和EPS含量的增加.     

Partitioning of water soluble organic carbon in three sediment size fractions： Effect of the humic substances

Water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in sediments plays an important role in transference and transformation of aquatic pollutants. This article investigated the inherent mechanisms of how sediemnt grain size affect the partitioning coeffcient (k) of WSOC. Influences of NaOH extracted humic substances were particularly focused on. Sediments were sampled from two cross-sections of the middle Yellow River and sieved into three size fractions (< 63 μm, 63-100 μm, and 100--300 μm). The total concentration of WSOC in sediments (CWSOC) and k were estimated using multiple water-sediment ratio experiments. Results show that CWSOC ranges from 0.012 to 0.022 mg/g, while k ranges from 0.8 to 3.9 L/kg. Correlations between the spectrum characteristics of NaOH extracted humic substances and k were analyzed. Strong positive correlations are determined between k and the aromaticity indicators of NaOH extracted humic substances in different sediment size fractions. Comparing with finer fractions (< 63 μm), k is higher in larger size fractions (63--100 and 100--300 μm) related to higher aromaticity degree of NaOH extracted humic substances mostly. While negative relationship between k and the area ratio of fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) at 3400 and 1430 cm-1 implied that the lowest k was related to the highest concentration of the acidic humic groups in particles < 63 μm. WSOC in finer fractions (< 63 μm) is likely to enter into pore water, which may further accelerate the transportation of aquatic contaminants from sediment to water.     

Sensitivity of green and blue-green algae to methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) during a fifteen-day test

The test was designed to assess the toxicity of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) to Chlorella ellipsoidea and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae during 15 d with concentrations of MTBE from high (2.00×104 mg/L) to low (2 mg/L). The results showed that the toxicity was low when the concentration of MTBE was 1.00×104-2.00×104 mg/L (the greatest inhibition of growth-rate was 70%-71%, occurring on day 1-5). Low concentrations (2-500 mg/L) stimulated algal growth up to the greatest effect of 85%-200% when the concentration of MTBE was 50-100 mg/L on day 3-5. The low concentrations may lead to an algal bloom owing to overabundance, which represents an aquatic ecological risk. However, the stimulatory effect occurred only during the day 1-5 and disappeared gradually during the day 13-15. The toxicity of MTBE (72-120 h EC50) is 6.65×103-9.58×103 mg/L for C. ellipsoidea and that is 1.14×104-2.00×104 mg/L for A. spiroides. We found that the toxicity and ecological risk of MTBE for the algal community structure were low. The toxicity was influenced by the duration of the test. We suggest that the duration of the test should not be shorter than half a life-cycle.     

酚类化合物气相色谱保留指数的定量结构相关性研究

应用偏最小二乘回归技术建立了102种酚类化合物气相色谱保留指数与分子全息结构间的相关模型,在最佳建模条件下得到非交叉验证相关系数(r2)为0.965,交叉验证相关系数(q_LOO2)为0.963. 从102种酚类化合物中随机选出68种作为训练集,其余作为测试集,来验证分子全息QSRR模型的预测能力和稳健性. 在最佳建模条件对训练集进行偏最小二乘回归分析,r2为0.967,q_LOO2为0.927. 用训练集数据所建立的QSRR模型预测测试集中酚类化合物的色谱保留指数,结果表明,基于训练集所建立的QSRR模型具有很高的预测能力和稳健性,可以对测试集酚类化合物的气相色谱保留指数进行很好的预测. 此外,利用最佳全息定量结构保留关系(HQSRR)模型的色码图,探讨酚类化合物中的不同侧链基团对其色谱保留性质的影响,及其在固定相上的色谱保留机理.      

基于稳健统计的土壤环境背景值研究及应用

使用稳健统计方法中的位置估计量和尺度估计量对我国某受到人为干扰的地下水水源地C层土壤重金属的背景值进行了研究.结果表明,稳健统计方法对样本中的异常值有较高的耐抗性,计算结果与常规方法相近,因而适用于某些人为干扰地区的土壤环境背景值研究.对该水源地背景值的计算表明,该地区C层土壤Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr,As和Hg的背景值中心分别为21.2,32.5,0.103,60.3,11.0和0.012 mg/kg,其中w(Pb),w(Cd)和w(As)高于山东省平均值. 6种重金属的阈值分别为29.0,43.7,0.143,93.5,21.0和0.080 mg/kg,均小于全国平均上限值,但其中Pb,Cr,As的阈值高于土壤环境质量一级标准. 基于该地区背景值的污染累积指数评价表明,该地区主要重金属污染物为Pb和Hg,主要污染区为污水沟渠周边,污染深度为1～3 m.      

现应用的染整助剂环境毒理概述

文章阐述了染整助剂的环境行为、环境毒理和对生物体的毒性。阐述了开发无毒害和可降解的染整助剂的重要性。     

生态浮床的结构设计

目前生态浮床已经成为一项重要的水质修复技术。文章对生态浮床的生态功能、分类、应用等做出介绍,重点描述了浮床的结构和设计,并对生态浮床今后的发展方向作出展望。     

沉床微生态控制体对水体TP及COD的去除率研究

针对水体富营养化的生态逆境,以个体沉床微生态作为研究的基本单元。即通过控制其非生物和生物成分,局部构建以满足水生植物适生环境为核心的水体生态结构体,由个体到总体,以点带面,从而实现总体生态功能目标的恢复。此法融合了恢复生态学人为设计、自我设计理论,并突出人为干预的主导作用。通过沉床微生态控制体改善水质的正交试验,运用数量化理论分析方法,筛选出最佳组合为陶粒箱+页岩+金钱蒲+雨久花,在静态时TP的去除率可达到(76.6±1.17)%,COD的去除率达到(37.4±2.27)%;在动态时TP的去除率可达到(39.5±1.17)%,COD的去除率达到(16.03±1.41)%。其显著性与可靠性均达到95%以上,此结果可作为两种水体恢复应用时的参考。     

基于逐步回归分析方法的PM10浓度预报模型

根据沈阳市2003～2005年的PM10浓度资料以及同期的气象要素资料,采用逐步回归方法建立了分季节的空气污染物PM10与气象因子的关系模型,并且利用2006年PM10资料和气象资料对模型进行了验证。结果表明:PM10预报浓度准确率和等级准确率最好的是夏秋两季,最差的是春季。春季当PM10日均浓度出现很高值时,预报结果与实测值有较大的误差,但趋势是一致的。秋季趋势的一致性不好,但波动比较小。冬季和夏季预报值与实测值的变化趋势基本上一致。     

珠江口地区表层水中氯酚化合物污染研究

采用固相微萃取、气-质联用方法,测定分析了珠江口、横门水道及鱼塘表层水中氯酚(CPs)的污染特征。结果显示:USEPA优先控制的四种CPs类化合物在珠江口地区水体中检出率达到98.75%,不同水体氯酚污染程度由高到低的顺序为横门水道>珠江口>鱼塘。参照有关标准,珠江口地区CPs残留水平对环境及人类生活产生危害的风险可能性较低。多元回归分析表明,铁、锰总含量与总CPs和PCP含量存在显著负相关。