Advancing the use of an innovative cleanup technology: Case study of Lasagna™

Originated from a recognized need for significantly more effective technologies for soil cleanup, the Lasagna^TM project provides an interesting case study in which industry, government, and academia successfully collaborated to rapidly advance the technology from the laboratory to the field. Called Lasagna^TM because of its layered configurations, the technology combines electrically induced contaminant transport in soils, treatment in place, and geotechnical methods to achieve completely in situ clean-up of contaminated soils. Experiences with respect to the partnership, the development of technology and its current commercialization status are described.     

还田秸秆配施外源纤维素酶效应研究

为探求促进秸秆降解的新途径,采用室内培养法研究了外源纤维素酶对秸秆降解速率及土壤速效养分的影响。结果表明,整个培养期内,小麦秸秆,玉米秸秆加酶处理与不加酶处理降解率都存在极显著差异(p<0.01),到培养结束时小麦秸秆加酶处理降解率高出不加酶处理7.10%～11.86%,玉米秸秆高出8.01%～14.04%;整个培养期内,小麦秸秆,玉米秸秆加酶处理与不加酶处理间土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量都存在极显著差异(p<0.01),培养结束时,小麦秸秆最优处理速效氮、磷、钾含量高出对照4.15mg·kg-1,3.60mg·kg-1,32.35mg·kg-1,玉米秸秆高出6.50mg·kg-1,4.27mg·kg-1,47.97mg·kg-1。结果说明添加外源纤维素酶能够提高秸秆降解速率,促进秸秆养分矿化。     

Temporal variation of the concentration and biochemical composition of seston within the Humboldt Current System off northern Chile (21°S)

Seasonal differences in the concentration and biochemical composition of seston have been assessed for the first time in the Humboldt Current System off northern Chile (21°S). The study comprised four seasonal surveys in the Bay of Chipana, including the summer and winter of 2006 and 2007, when El Niño 2006 and La Niña 2007 developed. Protein, lipid, carbohydrate and biogenic silica contents were measured in samples collected at four selected depths. The highest protein, lipid and carbohydrate concentrations were found at the fluorescence maximum (between 10 and 15 m depth), whereas the highest biogenic silica concentration was found 1 m above the seabed. When El Niño started developing, every variable showed low values throughout the water column; however, the lowest values were found when La Niña conditions dominated, together with low oxygen concentrations. Samples collected within the oxygen minimum zone (65 m depth) showed the lowest values for the water column and the lowest seasonal variations. After the evident decline coincident with El Niño 2006, the abundance and biochemical quality (high protein and lipid contents) of seston recovered earlier in the surface layer (upper 15 m) than at other depths.     

Using Mediterranean shrubs for the phytoremediation of a soil impacted by pyritic wastes in Southern Spain: a field experiment

Re-vegetation is the main aim of ecological restoration projects, and in Mediterranean environments native plants are desirable to achieve successful restoration. In 1998, the burst of a tailings dam flooded the Guadiamar river valley downstream from Aznalcóllar (Southern Spain) with sludges that contained elevated concentrations of metals and metalloids, polluting soils and waters. A phytoremediation experiment to assess the potential use of native shrub species for the restoration of soils affected by the spillage was performed from 2005 to 2007, with soils divided into two groups: pH < 5 and pH > 5. Four native shrubs (Myrtus communis, Retama sphaerocarpa, Rosmarinus officinalis and Tamarix gallica) were planted and left to grow without intervention. Trace element concentrations in soils and plants, their extractability in soils, transfer factors and plant survival were used to identify the most-interesting species for phytoremediation. Total As was higher in soils with pH < 5. Ammonium sulphate-extractable zinc, copper, cadmium and aluminium concentrations were higher in very-acid soils, but arsenic was extracted more efficiently when soil pH was >5. Unlike As, which was either fixed by Fe oxides or retained as sulphide, the extractable metals showed significant relationships with the corresponding total soil metal concentration and inverse relationships with soil pH. T. gallica, R. officinalis and R. sphaerocarpa survived better in soils with pH > 5, while M. communis had better survival at pH < 5. R. sphaerocarpa showed the highest survival (30%) in all soils. Trace element transfer from soil to harvestable parts was low for all species and elements, and some species may have been able to decrease trace element availability in the soil. Our results suggest that R. sphaerocarpa is an adequate plant species for phytostabilising these soils, although more research is needed to address the self-sustainability of this remediation technique and the associated environmental changes.     

加载絮体形态对短流程超滤膜污染影响效应

以聚硫酸铁（PFS）为混凝剂,微砂为载体颗粒,系统考察了采用加载絮凝-超滤联用工艺净化含高岭土、腐植酸和锑[Sb（Ⅲ）]的模拟原水过程中,不同PFS和微砂投加量条件下加载絮体形态特性以及其对超滤膜通量衰减、膜污染可逆性和宏观出水水质等的影响,并分析了膜污染机理.结果表明,PFS投加量对絮体形态及膜滤效能和膜污染影响显著,且投加量过少或过多均会产生不利影响,以30mg/L为宜;与不投加微砂的工况相比,加入微砂更易于形成大而结构较为松散的絮体,可有效削弱不可逆膜污染,并获得较为稳定的超滤出水水质;超滤末端膜比通量与絮体平均粒径呈良好的正相关性（R²=0.8774）,但因加载絮凝体系中引起分形维数变大的不同类型颗粒（包括小粒径范围絮体和未被加载絮体捕获的微砂）对超滤净水过程产生的影响各异,致使膜通量与分形维数的负相关性较差（R²=0.5760）.     

国内外含油污泥的处理现状分析

在石油开采及生产加工过程中要产生大量的废弃含油污泥,这些污泥不经处理直接排入环境将严重危害环境的安全以及人类的健康.因此,国内外正积极采取各种应对措施,希望能缓解含油污泥带来的危害.综述了国内外含油污泥的处理技术现状,并展望了含油污泥处理技术的发展方向.     

Degradation of PVC Containing Mixtures in the Presence of HCl Fixators

Degradation of a model polymer mixture (PVC/PS/PE) and a waste polymer mixture in the presence of HCl fixators (Red Mud, precipitated CaCO₃ and dolamite) was studied using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and a cycled-spheres-reactor. The experiments in cycled-spheres reactor model were performed by stepwise pyrolysis. Liquid products and HCl from each step were collected separately. For the model polymer mixture, the precipitated CaCO₃ showed the best effect on the fixation of evolved HCl and the reduction of chlorine content in the liquid products whereas RM yielded the best result for the waste polymer mixture. In addition, using HCl fixator also affected the degradation of both types of polymer mixture, leading to the formation of more gaseous and less residue.     

基于UNMIX模型对大气降雨中水溶性离子来源解析

对洛杉矾2005年1月至2015年1月的降水数据进行了分析,并通过UNMIX模型对降水中的无机离子成分进行了来源解析.结果表明,洛杉矶降水的pH均值为4.84,表现为轻度污染的弱酸性水平;降水的污染来源主要有3个,分别是二次污染源(50％)、海洋传输源(43％)、燃煤源及生物质燃烧源(7％);降水中离子解析结果与洛杉矶地区细颗粒物污染来源解析结果有较好的一致性,表明在细颗粒物化学成分缺失的情况下,降水离子可在一定程度上反应污染来源解析.     

Long-Term Maintenance of Rapid Atrazine Degradation in Soils Inoculated with Atrazine Degraders

Two different microbial communities able to degrade atrazine (atz) were inoculated in four different soils. The most critical factor affecting the success of inoculation was the soil pH and its organic matter (OM) content. In two alkaline soils (pH > 7), some inoculations led immediately to a strong increase of the biodegradation rate. In a third slightly acidic soil (pH = 6.1), only one inoculum could enhance atz degradation. In a soil amended with organic matter and straw (pH = 5.7, OM = 16.5%), inoculation had only little effect on atz dissipation on the short as well as on the long-term. Nine months after the microflora inoculations, atz was added again and rapid biodegradation in all alkaline inoculated soils was recorded, indicating the long-term efficiency of inoculation. In these soils, the number of atz degraders was estimated at between 6.5 × 10³ and 1.5 × 10⁶ (g of soil)^-1, using the most probable number (MPN) method. Furthermore, the presence of the atz degraders was confirmed by the detection of the gene atzA in these soils. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of the 16S rDNA genes indicated that the inoculated bacterial communities had little effect on the patterns of the indigenous soil microflora.