Microbial degradation characteristics and kinetics of novel pyrimidynyloxybenzoic herbicide ZJ0273 by a newly isolated Bacillus sp. CY

ZJ0273 (propyl 4-(2-(4,6-demethoxy pyrimidin-2-yloxy)benzylamino)benzoate) is a novel herbicide developed in China for oilseed crop. Sixteen bacteria capable of utilizing ZJ0273 as the sole carbon source were isolated from soils. One of the isolates was designated as Bacillus sp. CY based on its physiological and biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences. The present study aimed to investigate the ZJ0273 degradation characteristics and kinetics by Bacillus sp. CY which has the ability to utilize ZJ0273 as the sole source of carbon and energy under aerobic conditions. The optimum biodegradation temperature, pH, and ZJ0273 initial concentration were 20–40 °C, 5.0–9.0, and 50–400 mg/l, respectively. Strain CY degraded 65 % of ZJ0273 (initial concentration of 50 mg/l) during 30 days of incubation in basal mineral medium at pH 8.0 and 35 °C. DT50 (half-life value), k (degradation rate constant of ZJ0273), and R ² are 19.20 days, 0.0361 day^?1, and 0.9464, respectively.     

超高压液相色谱/质谱联用法测定地表水中特定污染物

采用超高压液相色谱/质谱联用法测定地表水特定项目中包括微囊藻毒素-LR在内的13种污染物,对测定条件进行优化,使得各目标化合物均能在3min内检测完毕.试验表明,方法在各测定范围内线性良好,相关系数均〉0.99,各目标化合物的方法检出限为0.12μg/L～8.40μg/L,地表水样的加标回收率在62.0% ～104%之间,6次平行测定的RSD〈6%.用该方法测实际水样,阿特拉津和马拉硫磷被检出,质量浓度分别为0.6μg/L和0.7μg/L.     

西南丘陵区保护性耕作下小麦农田土壤呼吸及影响因素分析

为了探讨保护性耕作对旱作农田土壤呼吸的影响,采用LI6400-09呼吸室在重庆北碚西南大学试验农场对平作(T)、垄作(R)、平作+覆盖(TS)、垄作+覆盖(RS)这4种处理下的西南紫色土丘陵区小麦/玉米/大豆套作体系中小麦作物生长季节的土壤呼吸及其水热生物因子进行了测定和分析.结果表明,小麦生殖生长阶段农田土壤呼吸速率变化范围为1.100～2.508μmol.(m2.s)-1,各处理的土壤呼吸速率差异显著,表现为RS>R>TS>T.各处理10 cm土层的土壤温度表现为T>R>TS>RS.土壤呼吸与土壤温度的关系符合指数函数,Q10值分别为1.25、1.20、1.31和1.26.5 cm土层的土壤含水量高低排序为TS>RS>T>R.土壤水分与土壤呼吸以抛物线曲线拟合最好,说明存在土壤呼吸最强的土壤含水量点,本研究得出小麦生殖生长阶段在土壤含水量的响应阈值为14.80%～17.47%.土壤动物中优势类群为弹尾目和螨目,与土壤呼吸存在一定相关性,对照处理和垄作下相关性高,而秸秆覆盖的处理土壤呼吸与土壤动物没有明显的相关性.     

垄作秸秆覆盖下西南地区蚕豆田土壤呼吸与有机碳特征

土壤呼吸是土壤有机碳库输出的主要途径,为探讨垄作和不同秸秆覆盖量对旱三熟蚕豆田土壤呼吸及有机碳特征的影响,测定了平作无覆盖(T)、垄作无覆盖(R)、垄作+半量覆盖(RS1)、垄作+全量覆盖(RS2)这4个处理下的西南紫色土丘陵区蚕豆/玉米/甘薯旱三熟体系中蚕豆田土壤呼吸及有机碳变化,分析了土壤温度和水分与土壤呼吸的关系.结果表明,蚕豆生长季节农田土壤呼吸随作物生长一致,呈先增加后减弱的变化趋势,全生育期平均土壤呼吸速率差异显著,表现为RS2RS1TR,分别为3.365、2.935、2.683、2.263 g·(m~2·d)~(-1).垄作显著降低了蚕豆农田土壤呼吸速率,而秸秆覆盖显著提高土壤呼吸速率,且随着覆盖量的增加而增加.土壤呼吸速率随土壤温度(5 cm和10 cm)呈指数型增长,10 cm处的回归模型明显好于5 cm.10 cm土层Q10值表现为RS2RS1RT,分别为1.751、1.665、1.616、1.35.垄作和秸秆覆盖下土壤温度、水分与土壤呼吸速率的混合指数模型可以解释土壤呼吸速率变异的68%(R)、79%(RS1)和76%(RS2).垄作和秸秆覆盖下0~5 cm、5~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm土层土壤有机碳含量均得到不同程度的提高,且随着覆盖量的增加而增加,其中5~10 cm、10~20 cm土层表现为RS2RS1RT,差异达显著水平,且5~10 cm土层有机碳含量增幅最大;但垄作和秸秆覆盖仅显著提高了颗粒有机碳0~30 cm加权平均值,对颗粒有机碳占土壤有机碳比例的影响效应不显著.     

石家庄采暖季道路降尘PM2.5中元素分析及生态风险评价

为了解石家庄采暖季铺装道路降尘中元素污染状况及生态风险,利用降尘缸收集市区4种类型道路的降尘样品,分析降尘PM_(2.5)中Na、K、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Al、Mg、Ca、Fe、Si等13种元素在不同类型道路、不同高度的含量特征,采用富集因子、主因子分析推测PM_(2.5)中元素来源,用潜在生态风险指数法评价重金属元素的生态风险.结果表明,主干道和支路降尘中元素含量最高,快速路最低,地壳元素Al、Si、K、Na更易在1.5 m高处富集,2.5 m高处多人为污染元素如Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb;富集因子和主成分分析显示采暖季道路降尘PM_(2.5)元素来源于燃煤燃油、交通(机动车尾气排放及零件老化磨损、轮胎磨损、道路扬尘)、建筑扬尘和生物质燃烧;富集因子范围0.35~100.45,地壳元素无富集,Cr富集因子平均值达100,生态风险指数高达320,富集程度极强且生态风险指数最大,应该引起足够重视.     

论中国生态农业建设的五个基本问题

在最近的10年间,中国生态农业建设迅速发展,现已成为中国农村发展中一个不可分割的重要部分。生态农业建设利用生态经济学原理及系统工程学方法进行农业规划、设计和管理,寻求农村持续、稳定、协调的发展。本文从资源管理的角度讨论了中国生态农业建设的5个基本问题:经济规模、农民接受程度、市场、资金和可持续发展的方向。     

海洋环境沉积物中氯霉素残留量的测定

应用高效液相色谱法测定海洋环境沉积物中的氯霉素残留.本方法的线性范围是0.5 ×10-9 ～ 5 ×10-9,其相关系数为0.997,最低检出浓度为0.09 ×10-9,回收率在85.1% ～ 95.8%之间,相对标准偏差小于3.6%.该方法快速、灵敏、定量范围宽,检测结果准确可靠,应用性强.     

新装修居室空气中甲醛浓度分析

目的 探讨装修后居室室内空气中甲醛浓度随时间的变化规律。方法 于2004年3-8月选择装修材料不同的2套新装修住宅，采用盐酸副玫瑰苯胺比色法，跟踪分析呼和浩特市2套居民新装修房屋室内空气甲醛含量。结果 铺复合木地板的A房空气中甲醛浓度比铺耐磨砖地板的B房空气中甲醛浓度约高17％；从装修完毕起，至少要经过6个月，室内空气中甲醛浓度才基本降至符合国家标准的水平；在连续监测过程中也发现，若室温升高，室内空气中甲醛浓度也会略有上升。结论 复合木地板释放的甲醛不容忽视；装修后6个月，室内空气中甲醛浓度才能降到容许范围。     

New molecular method to detect denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation bacteria from different environmental niches

The denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation is an ecologically important process for reducing the potential methane emission into the atmosphere. The responsible bacterium for this process was Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera belonging to the bacterial phylum of NC10. In this study, a new pair of primers targeting all the five groups of NC10 bacteria was designed to amplify NC10 bacteria from different environmental niches. The results showed that the group A was the dominant NC10 phylum bacteria from the sludges and food waste digestate while in paddy soil samples, group A and group B had nearly the same proportion. Our results also indicated that NC10 bacteria could exist in a high pH environment (pH 9.24) from the food waste treatment facility. The Pearson relationship analysis showed that the pH had a significant positive relationship with the NC10 bacterial diversity (p < 0.05). The redundancy analysis further revealed that the pH, volatile solid and nitrite nitrogen were the most important factors in shaping the NC10 bacterial structure (p = 0.01) based on the variation inflation factors selection and Monte Carlo test (999 times). Results of this study extended the existing molecular tools for studying the NC10 bacterial community structures and provided new information on the ecological distributions of NC10 bacteria.     

Synthesis of novel hapten and production of generic monoclonal antibody for immunoassay of penicillins residues in milk

The objective of this study was to produce a generic monoclonal antibody for determination of penicillins residues in milk. The compound 6-aminopenicillanic acid was used as the template to synthesize two novel generic haptens that were used to produce the monoclonal antibodies. The obtained monoclonal antibodies simultaneously recognized 11 penicillin drugs (amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin G, penicillin V, sulbenicillin, carbencillin, methicillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, oxacillin, and nafcillin). After evaluation of different reagent combinations, a heterologous indirect competitive enzyme immunoassay was developed to multi-determine the 11 drugs in milk. The crossreactivities to the 11 drugs were in a range of 16%–117% and the limits of detection were in a range of 0.7–9.3 ng/mL depending on the drug. The recoveries from the fortified blank milk were in a range of 77.6%–99.4% with coefficients of variation lower than 13.5%. This method could be used as a rapid screen tool for routine monitoring the residues of the 11 penicillin drugs in animal derived foods.