综掘工作面气水联动除尘装置影响因素及应用效果分析

为掌握气水联动除尘装置影响因素及现场除尘效果,以便更好应用于现场实际。基于煤矿综掘工作面长压短抽通风控除尘系统,利用数值仿真和正交实验设计分析方法,系统研究除尘装置叶片参数、进风量和进风口位置等因素对除尘效果的影响规律。研究结果表明：叶片安装角为40°,扭转角为4°时,除尘器入口处负压值和进风量最大,而吸风口距工作面5 m、吸风量≥300 m³/min时的除尘效果较好。控除尘系统采用气水联动除尘装置后,各测点全尘除尘效率提高了40.8%～55.4%,呼吸性粉尘除尘效率提高了31.4%～41.3%,应用效果良好。     

基于PM2.5全面达标的广东省产业结构调整策略研究

为科学指导广东省进一步开展大气污染综合防治,运用统计分析和空气质量模拟方法,分析广东省实现各城市PM_(2.5)浓度全面达标的污染物减排需求,尤其是产业结构调整的需求。结合各行业的污染物排放强度,识别广东省加强产业结构优化调整工作需要关注的重点行业领域,并提出相应政策建议。结果表明,仅依靠既定的末端治理和能源、交通结构调整措施无法实现2020年广东省各城市PM_(2.5)浓度全面达标的目标,产业结构调整在SO_2、NO_x、挥发性有机物(VOCs)的减排中至少需发挥11%～19%的减排贡献作用,重点应针对区域内的非金属矿物制品、电力热力生产和供应、黑色金属冶炼和压延加工、造纸、纺织印染、化学纤维制造等行业进行调控,主动淘汰落后产能。     

A fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) approach to eco-environmental vulnerability assessment for the danjiangkou reservoir area,China

The Danjiangkou reservoir lies in the upper Hanjiang basin and is the source of water for the Middle Route Project (MRP) under the South-to-North Water Transfer Scheme (SNWT) in China. The eco-environment of water resource areas plays an important role in water conservation and purification and would have significant implications for the economic prosperity in Hanjiang basin as well as for the SNWT. Focusing on the Danjiangkou Reservoir Area (DRA), this study established an environmental information system database. Based on the database, an eco-environmental vulnerability assessment method using integrated fuzzy AHP (FAHP) and GIS was developed for the DRA. According to eco-environmental conditions and anthropic effects, vulnerability was classified into five levels: potential, light, medium, heavy and very heavy. The eco-environmental vulnerability distribution and major problems of the eco-environment were analysed and discussed. The results indicated that eco-environmental vulnerability in the DRA was moderate overall. Regions with lower eco-environmental vulnerability were located in Qinling Mountain area in the northwest, Daba Mountain area in the south and the area immediately surrounding Danjiangkou Reservoir in the east. Two regions with very high eco-environmental vulnerability were located in the north of Danjiangkou Reservoir in Henan province and in the western part of Shanxi province. On the basis of analysis of distribution of the different factors of eco-environmental vulnerability, different environmental protection measures were proposed for different areas. This study demonstrated that the proposed method was an effective approach for the assessment of environmental vulnerability. The results gained closely reflected the reality of the eco-environmental vulnerability of the DRA.     

Matrix effects in analysis of dialkyl phosphate metabolites of organophosphate pesticides in urine by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometer

Urinary dialkyl phosphate metabolites (DAPs) are used as biomarkers to evaluate human exposure to organophosphate pesticides. The objective was to evaluate potential artifacts in urinary DAPs analysis during sample preparation and method calibration. Diluted urine pools were commonly used to prepare calibration standards to minimize the effects due to the complexity of urine matrix. Matrix effects on measurements of DAPs were evaluated by spiking known amount of standards into distilled water, synthetic urine and diluted urine pool. Different matrices resulted in similar concentrations detected for all target compounds, except dimethylphosphate (DMP) with the deviation of measurement as large as eight times the spiked amount. In this study, we also found that urinary particles, which usually appeared after thawing frozen human urine samples, could affect the measurements of DAPs, especially DMP and diethylthiophosphate (DETP). Results of DAPs measurements in three types of sample matrices, i.e. urine without particles, urine with particles and particles only were compared. DETP could be subject to large error during this preparation step. The use of deuterated and ¹³C₁₂-labeled DAPs as internal standards is also evaluated. Overall, these issues can cause misidentification and inaccuracies, which may significantly affect the data quality.     

Carbonyl Emissions from Commercial Cooking Sources in Hong Kong

Abstract

Cooking fumes are an important carbonyl emission source, especially in a highly urbanized city, such as Hong Kong. Cooking exhaust from 15 commercial kitchens of a variety of cooking styles was sampled and analyzed for a suite of 13 carbonyl compounds. Carbonyl compositions were varied among the different cooking styles. Formal dehyde was generally the most abundant carbonyl, and its contribution to the total carbonyl amount on a molar basis ranged from 12 to 60%. Acrolein was also found to be an abundant carbonyl in the cooking exhaust. The highest contribution by acrolein to the total carbonyls was found to be 30% in the exhaust of a western-style steak restaurant. Long-chain saturated carbonyls, that is, heptanal, octanal, and nonanal, accounted for a signifi-cant fraction (>40%) of the total carbonyls in kitchens that always used heated cooking oils. Two dicarbonyls, glyoxal and methylglyoxal, had a various presence in the cooking emissions, ranging from negligible to 10%. The presence of benzaldehyde and tolualdehyde was mostly negligible in the sampled kitchen exhaust. Annual emission rates of both individual carbonyls and total carbon-yls were estimated for various types of commercial kitchens. Local-style fast-food shops contributed the highest total carbonyl emissions per year mainly because of the large number of this kind of restaurant in Hong Kong. The citywide annual emission rates of the three most toxic carbonyls, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein, were estimated assuming that the limited number of sampled restaurants were representative of the average restaurants. Such estimates of carbonyl emission rates were comparable to the estimated carbonyl emissions from vehicular sources, suggesting the importance of commercial cooking as a source for carbonyls in Hong Kong.     

Assessing energy, environmental, and economic tradeoffs in intermodal freight transportation

This paper presents an energy and environmental network analysis model to explore tradeoffs associated with freight transport. The geospatial model uses an intermodal network built by the authors to connect various modes (rail, road, water) via intermodal terminals. Routes along the network are characterized not only by temporal and distance attributes, but also by cost, energy, and emissions attributes (including emissions of carbon dioxide, particulate matter, sulfur oxides, volatile organic compounds, and oxides of nitrogen). Decision-makers can use the model to explore tradeoffs among alternative route selection across different modal combinations, and to identify optimal routes for objectives that feature energy and environmental parameters (e.g., minimize carbon dioxide emissions). The model is demonstrated with three case studies of freight transport along the U.S. eastern seaboard.     

Advances in integrated and continuous measurements for particle mass and chemical composition

Recent improvements in integrated and continuous PM2.5 mass and chemical measurements from the Supersite program and related studies in the past decade are summarized. Analytical capabilities of the measurement methods, including accuracy, precision, interferences, minimum detectable levels, comparability, and data completeness are documented. Upstream denuders followed by filter packs in integrated samplers allow an estimation of sampling artifacts. Efforts are needed to: (1) address positive and negative artifacts for organic carbon (OC), and (2) develop carbon standards to better separate organic versus elemental carbon (EC) under different temperature settings and analysis atmospheres. Advances in thermal desorption followed by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) provide organic speciation of approximately 130 nonpolar compounds (e.g., n-alkanes, alkenes, hopanes, steranes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs]) using small portions of filters from existing integrated samples. Speciation of water-soluble OC (WSOC) using ion chromatography (IC)-based instruments can replace labor-intensive solvent extraction for many compounds used as source markers. Thermal gas-based continuous nitrate and sulfate measurements underestimate filter ions by 10-50% and require calibration against on-site filter-based measurements. IC-based instruments provide multiple ions and report comparable (+/-10%) results to filter-based measurements. Maintaining a greater than 80% data capture rate in continuous instruments is labor intensive and requires experienced operators. Several instruments quantify black carbon (BC) by optical or photoacoustic methods, or EC by thermal methods. A few instruments provide real-time OC, EC, and organic speciation. BC and EC concentrations from continuous instruments are highly correlated but the concentrations differ by a factor of two or more. Site- and season-specific mass absorption efficiencies are needed to convert light absorption to BC. Particle mass spectrometers, although semiquantitative, provide much information on particle size and composition related to formation, growth, and characteristics over short averaging times. Efforts are made to quantify mass by collocating with other particle sizing instruments. Common parameters should be identified and consistent approaches are needed to establish comparability among measurements.     

煤化工废水反渗透处理系统的运行效果及膜污染分析

针对煤化工废水反渗透（RO）膜处理系统夏季严重污堵的问题,本研究以实际某煤化工污水处理厂一级两段式RO系统为考察对象,分析了系统运行效能及膜污染特征.研究发现,生化段稳定地实现了有机物的削减,离子交换树脂进一步保障了产水的脱盐率,促进实现高水回收率,是煤化工废水零排放的重要保障.但对膜系统而言,脱盐及有机物去除的主要负荷集中在RO过程,一段/二段RO脱盐率分别为94.16%和96.16%,COD去除率分别为68.12%和87.4%;相对进水,一段RO有机物浓缩了9倍,二段RO盐浓缩了5倍.因此,两段膜过程都出现显著的膜污染,一段RO以有机-微生物-硅污染为主,形成致密的污染层,由进口到出口逐渐增厚,主要为蛋白质、多糖、腐殖酸;二段RO以Ca、Mg等的无机结垢为主,污染层结构相对松散,由进口到出口片状结晶逐渐增大.因此,预处理工艺的稳定运行及对污染物的去除以减轻RO过程的污染负荷是膜污染控制的关键;同时,针对RO系统中膜污染分布特征,制定杀菌、阻垢和化学清洗等膜污染控制策略以防止形成微生物抗性及"清洗剂抗性"具有重要意义.     

石家庄市冬季道路积尘PM2.5中金属元素污染特征及来源

为研究石家庄市冬季道路积尘PM_2.5中金属元素污染特征及来源,利用移动式采样法收集石家庄市不同类型铺装道路积尘,使用ICP-MS和ICP-OES分析测定PM_2.5中Cr、Zn、Mn、Cu、Pb、Ni、Sn、As、Sb、Co、Mo、Cd、Al、Mg、Ca、Fe共16种元素的质量分数.结果表明:石家庄市冬季道路积尘PM_2.5中金属元素质量分数之和依次为支路>快速路>主干道>次干道,与车流量、车辆类型、道路类型等影响因素有关,w（Mg）、w（Ca）、w（Cr）、w（Cu）、w（Ni）、w（Zn）、w（Pb）、w（Sn）、w（Sb）、w（Mo）、w（Cd）的平均值均高于当地土壤背景值,是背景值的1.2~40.5倍,其中Cr、Zn、Cu、Pb、Sn、Sb、Mo、Cd等元素中,除Pb的富集因子（9.38）接近10外,其他均高于10,来源于人为污染.I_geo（地累积指数）评价结果显示,Cr、Sn（I_geo为4~5）达到强-极强污染水平;Cd、Cu（I_geo为3~4）达到强污染水平;Sb、Mo、Zn（I_geo为2~3）为中-强污染水平,Pb（I_geo为1~2）为中污染水平.多元统计分析结果表明,石家庄市冬季道路积尘中金属元素来源可分为四大类:As、Mo、Zn、Cd、Ni、Pb主要来自机动车和大气中的燃煤沉降;Mn、Co、Sb来自于自然来源、机动车尾气的排放和焊接材料及轴承的磨损;Cr、Cu、Sn主要来自于工业排放的沉降和机动车刹车片磨损;Al、Ca、Mg、Fe主要来自绿化带或机动车携带的土壤尘.研究显示,石家庄市冬季道路积尘PM_2.5中金属元素污染严重,主要来源于交通排放.      

Carbonyl emissions from commercial cooking sources in Hong Kong

Cooking fumes are an important carbonyl emission source, especially in a highly urbanized city, such as Hong Kong. Cooking exhaust from 15 commercial kitchens of a variety of cooking styles was sampled and analyzed for a suite of 13 carbonyl compounds. Carbonyl compositions were varied among the different cooking styles. Formaldehyde was generally the most abundant carbonyl, and its contribution to the total carbonyl amount on a molar basis ranged from 12 to 60%. Acrolein was also found to be an abundant carbonyl in the cooking exhaust. The highest contribution by acrolein to the total carbonyls was found to be 30% in the exhaust of a western-style steak restaurant. Long-chain saturated carbonyls, that is, heptanal, octanal, and nonanal, accounted for a significant fraction (> 40%) of the total carbonyls in kitchens that always used heated cooking oils. Two dicarbonyls, glyoxal and methylglyoxal, had a various presence in the cooking emissions, ranging from negligible to 10%. The presence of benzaldehyde and tolualdehyde was mostly negligible in the sampled kitchen exhaust. Annual emission rates of both individual carbonyls and total carbonyls were estimated for various types of commercial kitchens. Local-style fast-food shops contributed the highest total carbonyl emissions per year mainly because of the large number of this kind of restaurant in Hong Kong. The citywide annual emission rates of the three most toxic carbonyls, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein, were estimated assuming that the limited number of sampled restaurants were representative of the average restaurants. Such estimates of carbonyl emission rates were comparable to the estimated carbonyl emissions from vehicular sources, suggesting the importance of commercial cooking as a source for carbonyls in Hong Kong.