重度富营养化水培条件下烟草的生长特性及其净化效果的研究

研究了烟草在重度富营养化水培条件下的生长特性、根的解剖结构,对其净化效果进行了观测,并对烟草在重度富营养化水中的生长特性变化原因、适应机理进行了探讨。     

Fungal diversity and its mechanism of community shaping in the milieu of sanitary landfill

• Ascomycota was the predominant phylum in sanitary landfill fungal communities. • Saprophytic fungi may be of special importance in landfill ecology. • Both richness and diversity of fungal community were lower in leachate than refuse. • Physical habitat partly contributed to the geographic variance of fungal community. • NO₃⁻ was considered the most significant abiotic factor shaping fungal community. Land filling is the main method to dispose municipal solid waste in China. During the decomposition of organic waste in landfills, fungi play an important role in organic carbon degradation and nitrogen cycling. However, fungal composition and potential functions in landfill have not yet been characterized. In this study, refuse and leachate samples with different areas and depths were taken from a large sanitary landfill in Beijing to identify fungal communities in landfills. In high-throughput sequencing of ITS region, 474 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from landfill samples with a cutoff level of 3% and a sequencing depth of 19962. The results indicates that Ascomycota, with the average relative abundance of 84.9%, was the predominant phylum in landfill fungal communities. At the genus level, Family Hypocreaceae unclassified (15.7%), Fusarium (9.9%) and Aspergillus (8.3%) were the most abundant fungi found in the landfill and most of them are of saprotrophic lifestyle, which plays a big role in nutrient cycling in ecosystem. Fungi existed both in landfilled refuse and leachate while both the richness and evenness of fungal communities were higher in the former. In addition, fungal communities in landfilled refuse presented geographic variances, which could be partly attributed to physical habitat properties (pH, dissolved organic carbon, volatile solid, NH₄⁺, NO₂⁻ and NO₃⁻), while NO₃⁻ was considered the most significant factor (p<0.05) in shaping fungal community.     

Characterization and seasonal variations of levoglucosan in fine particulate matter in Xi’an,China

PM_2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm) samples (n = 58) collected every sixth day in Xi’an, China, from 5 July 2008 to 27 June 2009 are analyzed for levoglucosan (1,6-anhydro-β-d-glucopyranose) to evaluate the impacts of biomass combustion on ambient concentrations. Twenty-four-hour levoglucosan concentrations displayed clear summer minima and winter maxima that ranged from 46 to 1889 ng m^?3, with an average of 428 ± 399 ng m^?3. Besides agricultural burning, biomass/biofuel combustion for household heating with straws and branches appears to be of regional importance during the heating season in northwestern China. Good correlations (0.70 < R < 0.91) were found between levoglucosan relative to water-soluble K⁺, Cl^?, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and glyoxal. The highest levoglucosan/OC ratio of 2.3% was found in winter, followed by autumn (1.5%). Biomass burning contributed to 5.1–43.8% of OC (with an average of 17.6 ± 8.4%).

Implications:?PM_2.5 levoglucosan concentrations and the correlation between levoglucosan relative to other compounds during four seasons in Xi’an showed that the influence of biomass burning is maximum during the residential heating season (winter), although some important influences may be detected in spring (field preparation burnings) and autumn (corn stalks and wheat straw burning, fallen dead leaves burning) at Xi’an and surrounding areas. Household heating with biomass during winter was quite widespread in Guanzhong Plain. Therefore, the control of biomass/biofuel combustion could be an effective method to reduce pollutant emission on a regional scale.     

切割刃料碳化硅的再生处理工艺研究

采用化学反应除杂和水力沉降粒度重新分级的方法,通过酸洗、碱洗、水力分级、pH值调节、干燥、配料等一系列处理工艺,对废砂浆中的碳化硅进行再生处理,得到的再生切割刃料各项性能指标满足切割工业使用要求,实现了资源再利用和循环发展.     

典型城市不同河流沉积物中抗生素抗性基因的时空分布特征:以石家庄为例

河流是抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）的重要储库.然而,目前有关河流中ARGs的研究多集中在其时空分布,而较少对同一区域城市和农村河流中ARGs的种类和丰度进行比较.鉴于此,以石家庄市不同河流为例,分别在2020年12月和2021年4月,选取了2条农村河流和3条城市河流,布设了15个采样点,采集了各个样点的沉积物,运用宏基因组测序技术分析了各样点沉积物中ARGs的种类和丰度,比较了城市和农村河流沉积物中ARGs的时空差异.结果表明:①在城市和农村河流中分别检出162种（4 776 ±4 452,丰度,下同）和79种ARGs（1 043 ±632）,ARGs种类和丰度均呈城市 > 农村的趋势;②在城市河流中磺胺类（SAs,27 %）、氨基糖苷类（AGs,26 %）和多药类（MDs,15 %） ARGs的相对丰度最高;而在农村河流中MDs类ARGs的相对丰度最高（65 %）,且城市河流中ARGs的复杂程度高于农村河流.③城市河流中SAs、AGs、MDs、四环素类（TCs）、利胆醇类（PNs）、大环内酯类（MLS）、β-内酰胺类（β-lactams）和二氨基嘧啶类（DAPs）ARGs间呈显著正相关（P < 0.01）,而糖肽类（GPs）ARGs与各类ARGs呈显著负相关（P < 0.05和P < 0.01）;而在农村河流中MDs和SAs类ARGs呈显著正相关（P < 0.05）,氨基香豆素类（ACs）ARGs与肽类（PTs）、利福霉素类（RMs）和磷霉素类（FMs）ARGs呈显著负相关（P < 0.05和P < 0.01）;④在时间分布上,城市河流12月和4月分别检出162种（4 776 ±4 452）和148种（5 673 ±5 626）ARGs;而农村河流12月和4月分别检出79种（1 043 ±632）和46种（467 ±183）ARGs;⑤RDA分析结果表明,城市和农村河流中的ARGs均呈时间分布差异;相关分析表明城市河流主要与工业企业数量显著相关,而农村河流则主要与牧业产值显著相关.总体而言,通过比较城市和农村河流中ARGs的时空异质性,识别其主要社会影响因子,可为后续河流中ARGs风险管控提供数据支撑.     

Clustering economic sectors in China on a life cycle basis to achieve environmental sustainability

To improve material efficiency, industrial structure optimization becomes a focal point in Chinese industrial and environmental policies. It is crucial to cluster economic sectors and determine their priority for industrial and environmental policy implementation. Integrating a set of criteria, a hybrid input-output model and the hierarchical cluster analysis, this study clusters China’s economic sectors and determines their priority on a life cycle basis. China’s economic sectors are clustered into three clusters. Industrial structure changes (industrial policy) should encourage the development of sectors in cluster 1 and limit the development of sectors in cluster 2. Technology development and materials recycling (two environmental policies) should mainly focus on sectors in clusters 1 and 2. Future industrial policies in China should limit the development of two sectors named Manufacture of metal products and Extraction of petroleum and natural gas. Instead of limiting some industries by command-and-control, the best policy option is to remedy environmental standards and law enforcement. Enterprises belonging to the identified key sectors from the viewpoint of direct production impacts should be concerned to achieve enterprise sustainability. To achieve sustainable production chains, the identified key sectors from the viewpoint of accumulative production impacts should be concerned. For sustainable consumption, the identified key sectors from the viewpoint of consumption impacts should be concerned to transform consumption styles. Most of environmental pressure can be alleviated not only by technical improvements and material recycling, but also by the development of economic sectors in cluster 1.     

Profitability and sustainability of edible sea urchin fishery in Sardinia (Italy)

Sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) fishery is intensively practiced in several areas of the Mediterranean basin. In Sardinia, as well as other Mediterranean countries, sea urchin is a basic ingredient for several dishes due to the delicacy of its gonads (roe), and demand is constantly increasing. Restrictions have been implemented in order to minimise the risk of overexploitation, however, these measures might jeopardize economic convenience in sea urchin harvesting. This paper estimates economic convenience within the edible sea urchin fishery in Sardinia. It aims to determine whether both profitability and sustainability, in terms of the preservation of sea urchin stock, can be guaranteed by actual policy regulation. We found high variability in terms of captures and profitability among firms, and a considerable degree of this variability is the result of technological differences between fishing methods. Analysis also suggests that a slight increase in allowed captures should generate a more than proportional increase in profits. This evidence gives some useful suggestions for improving the efficacy of policies in affecting the economic and environmental sustainability of the Mediterranean sea urchin fishery.     

三峡工程对洞庭湖水环境质量的影响

通过实地调查与水样检测,运用BP神经网络模型、湖泊富营养化评价法以及Shannon-Weaver指数分别评价了三峡工程蓄水前后典型年(1986、1991、1998、2004、2006和2010年)洞庭湖水环境质量、营养化水平和水生生物状况。结果表明:三峡水库蓄水后,典型年洞庭湖水质总体变差,各断面水质超标率有明显上升,呈现以氮、磷污染为主并伴有有机污染的特征;营养化指数有上升趋势,东洞庭湖2008~2010年综合营养指数超过50,出现轻度富营养;隐藻门代替硅藻门成为洞庭湖浮游植物优势种,其生物多样性下降;东洞庭湖底栖动物优势种为梨形环棱螺,而苏氏尾鳃蚓成为西、南洞庭湖的优势种,其种类和密度呈波动下降的趋势。影响洞庭湖水质的因素除了"三口"、"四水"污染物聚集和湖区生活污染、面源污染外,三峡水库运行后入湖水沙量大幅减少以及土地利用格局变化也是其关键。     

云龙湖水体中有机类污染物污染特征与评价

通过液液萃取-气相色谱/质谱法对云龙湖4个代表性点位水样中23种半挥发性有机物(SVOC)和16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行定性和定量分析,共计检测出15种有害污染物,其中包括10种多环芳烃(PAHs)、3种三氯苯和2种酞酸酯类.参考地表水环境质量要求[1],其污染物农度均在安全范围内.与其他地区湖库水质比较,云龙湖水体中PAHs污染处于较高水平,从PAHs污染物检出数量以及各组份间分配关系来看,该湖主要的污染途径为地表径流、雨水沉降以及人类活动等.     

绿肥间作和秸秆覆盖对冬季油菜根际土壤有机碳及土壤呼吸的影响

在全球变暖的大背景下,农田土壤呼吸成为农业碳排放的主要途径,而绿肥对抑制温室气体排放、实现节能减排有巨大潜力.在我国西南紫色土地区,有关绿肥间作条件下的农田土壤呼吸特征尚不明确.通过绿肥紫云英与油菜间作,重点研究了秸秆覆盖条件下紫云英与油菜间作对冬季油菜根际土壤有机碳及土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,与秸秆覆盖相比,隔根方式成为影响油菜根际土壤有机碳含量的主要因素,绿肥间作使油菜根际土壤有机碳含量显著降低;秸秆覆盖可促进油菜田间土壤呼吸,而绿肥间作抑制了油菜田间土壤呼吸,土壤呼吸受油菜生育阶段影响较大,呈现出先下降后升高再下降的总体特征,且与土壤温度之间表现出回归式抛物线关系,根际呼吸在油菜生长后期成为土壤呼吸的主要成分.