A PRECIPITATION ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE FOR DEVELOPING ISOHYETS IN AN ARID AREA USING VEGETATION AND TOPOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS1

A technique is presented for developing an isohyet map for the Hualapai Valley, a closed hydrologic basin of about 315 square miles in the northwestern Great Basin in Nevada. In this basin there is practically no climatic data, and in the northwest Great Basin there are too few stations for determination of rainfall on a detailed basis. Using a vegetational typing to represent a range in elevation and precipitation, an initial mean annual rainfall is determined for selected points on a grid pattern. This rainfall is then modified by using topographic parameters of slope, orientation, exposure, and rainfall shadow effect. The resulting point determinations of mean annual rainfall are then smoothed using a trend surface analysis, and an isohyetal map is drawn from the smoothed points. The technique provides an estimated accuracy of one inch of mean annual precipitation and one mile of resolution on isohyets.     

一株耐镉链霉菌的筛选、鉴定与基本特性分析

微生物在重金属污染治理中具有重要作用.采用微生物纯培养技术从镉污染土壤中分离获得一株在液体培养基和固体培养基中能够分别耐受45 mmol·L~(-1)和50 mmol·L~(-1)Cd~(2+)的细菌,通过形态学、生理生化及分子鉴定,初步鉴定该菌株属于链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.),命名为Streptomyces sp.strain Cd TB01.进一步实验结果表明,耐镉链霉菌Streptomyces sp.strain Cd TB01的优化培养条件为:马铃薯蔗糖培养基,在250m L的三角瓶中装液量为90 m L,培养温度30℃,初始pH=6.0,接种量6.0%,NaCl质量分数0%;湿菌体吸附Cd~(2+)的优化条件为:温度30℃,pH=8.0,NaCl质量分数1.0%,Cd~(2+)浓度500 mg·L~(-1),吸附率为44.78%;干菌粉吸附Cd~(2+)的优化条件为:温度30℃,pH=9.0,NaCl质量分数0%,Cd~(2+)浓度100 mg·L~(-1),吸附率达到70.45%.说明链霉菌Streptomyces sp.strain Cd TB01在重金属污水处理中具有广阔的应用前景.     

镉和酸雨对苦楝幼苗细胞膜透性及渗透调节物质含量的影响

采用盆栽法研究了3个梯度模拟酸雨(p H=5.6、4.5、3.5)和不同剂量Cd2+(0、30、60、90、120、150、180 mg·kg~(-1))单一及复合处理,对苦楝(Melia azedarach L.)幼苗生长、质膜透性和主要渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果表明,p H=4.5和30 mg·kg~(-1)Cd2+复合处理对苦楝生物量的积累和幼苗的生长具有一定促进作用;p H=4.5和低剂量Cd2+(≤60 mg·kg~(-1))单一及复合处理下,株高和干重变化不显著(p0.05),叶色、叶绿素含量、相对电导率和丙二醛含量也无明显变化;而强酸雨(p H=3.5)和高剂量Cd2+(≥90 mg·kg~(-1))处理下,叶片发黄卷曲,叶绿素含量下降,相对电导率和丙二醛含量增大,且酸雨和Cd2+复合处理较单一酸雨和单一Cd2+处理毒害作用更明显,表现为复合叠加效应;随酸雨强度和Cd2+剂量的增加,可溶性糖含量下降,可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸含量先升后降,二者峰值均出现在p H=4.5和60 mg·kg~(-1)Cd2+处理,且Cd2+剂量≤120 mg·kg~(-1)时,各酸雨梯度下可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量均高于CK.综上认为,在Cd2+剂量≤60 mg·kg~(-1)、酸雨p H≥4.5的区域,苦楝可以正常生长且保持较大生物量,可将其作为Cd污染典型酸雨区的绿化和修复树种.     

A multi-criteria geographic information systems approach for the measurement of vulnerability to climate change

A flexible procedure for the development of a multi-criteria composite index to measure relative vulnerability under future climate change scenarios is presented. The composite index is developed using the Weighted Ordered Weighted Average (WOWA) aggregation technique which enables the selection of different levels of trade-off, which controls the degree to which indicators are able to average out others. We explore this approach in an illustrative case study of the United States (US), using future projections of widely available indicators quantifying flood vulnerability under two scenarios of climate change. The results are mapped for two future time intervals for each climate scenario, highlighting areas that may exhibit higher future vulnerability to flooding events. Based on a Monte Carlo robustness analysis, we find that the WOWA aggregation technique can provide a more flexible and potentially robust option for the construction of vulnerability indices than traditionally used approaches such as Weighted Linear Combinations (WLC). This information was used to develop a proof-of-concept vulnerability assessment to climate change impacts for the US Army Corps of Engineers. Lessons learned in this study informed the climate change screening analysis currently under way.     

黄河三角洲典型植被潜在分布区模拟——以翅碱蓬群落为例

黄河三角洲是典型的滨海河口湿地,由于人类活动的影响及其生态系统先天脆弱性和敏感性,黄河三角洲生态环境受到严重破坏,保护当地自然植被、恢复生态系统功能为当地面临的一个主要任务。论文以当地一种典型植被类型——翅碱蓬(Suaeda heteroptera)群落为例,以广义加法模型(Generalized Additive Models,GAMs)作为分析、模拟的手段,探索黄河三角洲典型植被空间分布与环境因子之间的关系,并模拟其潜在分布区,以期为当地生态恢复提供参考。植被分布以及土壤数据通过野外调查获取,共计获取641个植物群落样方、964个土壤样品,并测定了土壤有机质、全磷、全盐和可溶性钾等理化指标。另外还收集了黄河三角洲的土壤类型、地貌类型和DEM等数据。基于收集的植被与环境因子数据,采用广义加法模型分析了植被与环境之间的关系,结果表明土壤全盐含量、地表高程和土壤全磷含量对翅碱蓬群落分布具有重要的影响。在上述分析的基础上,建立了翅碱蓬群落分布与环境因子之间的关系模型。基于建立的植被-环境关系模型,对翅碱蓬群落在更广阔范围内(植被受损区)的分布进行了预测,并生成翅碱蓬群落潜在分布区概率图,通过该图可以看出,翅碱蓬群落在地面高程较小、土壤含盐量较大的区域出现的概率较大。最后采用基于ROC曲线的方法对模拟结果进行了验证,交叉验证和单一验证的ROC曲线的AUC值都超过了0.8,模型诊断结果达到良好水平,并有很好的稳定性,模拟的结果可以为黄河三角洲的植被恢复提供较为有价值的参考。     

Food security and climate change in drought-sensitive savanna zones of Ghana

Desertification, climate variability and food security are closely linked through drought, land cover changes, and climate and biological feedbacks. In Ghana, only few studies have documented these linkages. To establish this link the study provides historical and predicted climatic changes for two drought sensitive agro-ecological zones in Ghana and further determines how these changes have influenced crop production within the two zones. This objective was attained via Markov chain and Fuzzy modelling. Results from the Markov chain model point to the fact that the Guinea savanna agro-ecological zone has experienced delayed rains from 1960 to 2008 while the Sudan savanna agro-ecological zone had slightly earlier rains for the same period. Results of Fuzzy Modelling indicate that very suitable and moderately suitable croplands for millet and sorghum production are evenly distributed within the two agro-ecological zones. For Ghana to adapt to climate change and thereby achieve food security, it is important to pursue strategies such as expansion of irrigated agricultural areas, improvement of crop water productivity in rain-fed agriculture, crop improvement and specialisation, and improvement in indigenous technology. It is also important to encourage farmers in the Sudan and Guinea Savanna zones to focus on the production of cereals and legumes (e.g. sorghum, millet and soybeans) as the edaphic and climatic factors favour these crops and will give the farmers a competitive advantage. It may be necessary to consider the development of the study area as the main production and supply source of selected cereals and legumes for the entire country in order to free lands in other regions for the production of crops highly suitable for those regions on the basis of their edaphic and climatic conditions.     

Combining material characterization with single and multi-oxyanion adsorption for mechanistic study of chromate removal by cationic hydrogel

Cationic hydrogel with magnetic property was synthesized via radical polymerization and its removal capacity of chromate from contaminated water was found to be 200 mg/g. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) study, the mechanism of chromate removal by hydrogel was found to be non-specific adsorption, mainly due to ion exchange, as evidenced by the positively charged functional group, trimethyl ammonium –N+(CH3)3; in the monomer. Verifications were accordingly determined by testing different oxyanion adsorption onto the hydrogel. The results of the chromate adsorption experiments illustrated that the amount of chromate adsorbed was nearly equal to that of the chloride released from the hydrogel, which is part of the evidence for ion exchange. Single and multi-oxyanion adsorption experiments were also performed, and it was demonstrated that ion removal was species independent, but charge dependent, another characteristic of the ion exchange process. It was found that the same Langmuir model can be applied to best fit the findings of single and multi-oxyanion adsorption, which further indicates the mechanism of chromate removal is attributed to ion exchange. In view of the above, the background anions compete for adsorption sites with chromate, evidenced by inhibitive chromate removal in the presence of background electrolytes in the batch studies, further echoing the ion exchange mechanism.     

珠江三角洲秋季臭氧干沉降特征的数值模拟

利用区域化学传输模式WRF-Chem对2014年10月珠江三角洲臭氧干沉降特征进行模拟,结果表明：臭氧干沉降通量呈现明显的时空分布差异,日间平均沉降通量[0.68μg/（m²·s）]明显大于夜间[0.21μg/（m²·s）];同时,珠江三角洲城区的臭氧沉降通量及日较差均比周边植被覆盖区小.受NO_x和VOCs等前体物以及各气象要素场的综合影响,臭氧浓度日变化具有明显的单峰型分布特征,在14：00~15：00达到峰值,秋季臭氧浓度高值区位于珠江三角洲主要排放源下风向区域的广佛交界、江门及中山东部等地区;臭氧的干沉降速率也具有明显的时空变化特征：从07：00~08：00的0.27cm/s开始迅速增大,10：00~16：00基本保持在0.60cm/s左右,17：00开始平缓减小至午夜的0.21cm/s左右;干沉降速率的变化主要受空气动力学阻抗R_a、粘性副层阻抗R_b以及表面阻抗R_c影响,研究表明夜间的干沉降速率主要受R_a影响,而日间R_c起主要作用.这3种阻抗分别受大气稳定度、摩擦速度和下垫面土地利用类型影响,在珠江三角洲区域亦表现出明显的时空变化特征.     

Economic impacts of storm surge and the cost-benefit analysis of a coastal spine as the surge mitigation strategy in Houston-Galveston area in the USA

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - Rapid population growth, urbanization, and concentration of valuable assets and strategic infrastructure in coastal regions make coastal...