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101.
102.
Sandra K. Woods 《环境质量管理》1993,3(1):31-38
This article is about Total Quality Management and its relationship to corporate environmental affairs. As the TQM movement expands, the commitment to continuous quality improvement, customer satisfaction, and collaborative, team-oriented workplaces is finding new applications. Just as the success of Federal Express, AT&T, and other winners of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award shows that Total Quality Management can transform a business, we also are learning of successes companies are having applying TQM principles to environmental management. Our experience with TQM and environmental management at Coors Brewing Company is in the area of pollution prevention. In addition to our brewing operations, we also operate the country's largest aluminum can manufacturing plant, where we produce 4 billion cans a year, a separate facility that makes the can tops, a glass bottle manufacturing plant, and various support facilities. In all, we have some 7,000 employees, and building a commitment to pollution prevention in an operation of that size requires much more than just adopting quality principles. In this article we show how it also means understanding how those principles will mesh with the corporate culture. What we found is that before TQM can begin its magic, a company must review its own culture to see how problems have traditionally been solved and how challenges have been met. 相似文献
103.
Trace gas emissions from refinery and bioremediation landfarms were investigated in a mesocosm-scale simulator facility. Five simulators were constructed and integrated with a data acquisition system and trace gas analyzers, allowing automated real-time sampling and calculation of total hydrocarbon (THC), CO2, and water vapor fluxes. Experiments evaluating the influence of simulated cultivation and rainfall on trace gas fluxes from the soil surfaces were conducted. Results were compared with published field results. Results showed that cultivating dry or moderately wet soil resulted in brief enhancements of THC fluxes, up to a factor of 10, followed by a sharp decline. Cultivating dry soil did not enhance respiration. Cultivating wet soil did result in sustained elevated levels of respiration. Total hydrocarbon emissions were also briefly enhanced in wet soils, but to a lesser magnitude than in dry soil. Hydrocarbon fluxes from refinery landfarm soil were very low for the duration of the experiments. This lead to the conclusion that elevated THC fluxes would only be expected during waste application. An evaluation of the influence of simultaneous water vapor fluxes on other trace gas fluxes highlighted the importance in lab-scale experiments of correcting trace gas fluxes from soils. The results from this research can be used to guide management practices at landfarms and to provide data to aid in assessing the effect of landfarms. 相似文献
104.
Sandra L. Kirmeyer 《Journal of environmental psychology》1985,5(4):355-372
In the course of studying police dispatchers, five observers recorded the reactions of the employees (N = 37) to their presence throughout the work shift on three separate occasions. Four major research questions were considered: (a) extent of reaction, (b) relationship between interactions with the observer and changes in employees' work activities, (c) independence of verbal and nonverbal behavioral reactions, and (d) adaptation. On average, subjects or other employees initiated 10 interactions per hour with observers. These interactions were classified as subject-initiated (a) verbal, content related to research procedures; (b) verbal, non-research-related in content; (c) nonverbal only or (d) other employee-initiated verbal comment. Interaction with the observer was not related to the amount of work the subject did. Subjects' nonverbal and verbal responses were unrelated to each other as well as to the verbal responses of other employees. A priori expectations concerning adaptation to observation were tested with a 3 × 3 (segment by day) repeated-measures factorial design. Significant adaptation (P < 0·01) occurred within and between days in subjects' comments about research procedures and all comments from other employees. However, other behaviors showed with no evidence of adaptation or actual increases. The implications of these findings for measuring reactivity and deciding when adaptation has occurred are discussed. 相似文献
105.
Long ER Dutch M Aasen S Welch K Hameedi MJ 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,111(1-3):173-222
A survey was designed and conducted to determine the severity, spatial patterns, and spatial extent of degraded sediment quality
in Puget Sound (Washington State, USA). A weight of evidence compiled from results of chemical analyses, toxicity tests, and
benthic infaunal analyses was used to classify the quality of sediments. Sediment samples were collected from 300 locations
within a 2363 km2 area extending from the US/Canada border to the inlets of southern Puget Sound and Hood Canal. Degraded conditions, as indicated
with a combination of high chemical concentrations, significant toxicity, and adversely altered benthos, occurred in samples
that represented about 1% of the total area. These conditions invariably occurred in samples collected within urbanized bays
and industrial waterways, especially near the urban centers of Everett, Seattle, Tacoma, and Bremerton. Sediments with high
quality (as indicated by no toxicity, no contamination, and the presence of a relatively abundant and diverse infauna) occurred
in samples that represented a majority (68%) of the total study area. Sediments in which results of the three kinds of analyses
were not in agreement were classified as intermediate in quality and represented about 31% of the total area. Relative to
many other estuaries and marine bays of the USA, Puget Sound sediments ranked among those with minimal evidence of toxicant-induced
degradation. 相似文献
106.
Sandra L Postel 《Natural resources forum》2003,27(2):89-98
A fundamentally new approach to water and human development will be needed during this new century if we are to secure sufficient freshwater to meet the needs of some 9 billion people while at the same time protecting the critical ecosystem services upon which the human economy depends. Signs of unsustainable water use — including falling water tables, shrinking lakes, and the drying up of rivers and streams — are widespread and spreading. In many regions, greater modification and appropriation of freshwater systems for human purposes will yield greater costs than benefits and create the risk of irreversible losses of species and ecosystem services. A new mindset is needed to guide water use and management in this new century, one that views the human water economy as a subset of nature's water economy. Living within nature's limits will require that societies satisfy the basic needs of people and ecosystems before non-essential water demands are met. It will require on the order of a doubling of water productivity. And it will require stronger institutions to encourage equitable sharing of water to alleviate tensions within and between countries. 相似文献
107.
Traian Zaharescu Sandra R. Scagliusi Ana Maria Luchian Ademar B. Lugão 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2018,26(2):616-625
In this paper the modifications induced in butyl rubbers (pristine, chlorinated and brominated sorts) by γ-irradiation are investigated by swelling, chemiluminescence and FT-IR. The susceptibility of butyl rubbers for the generation of radicals orders their stabilities in the following sequence: IIR?>?IIR—Cl?>?IIR—Br. The incorporation of butyl rubbers into ethylene-propylene terpolymer matrix brings about increased densities of radicals initiating modifications in the oxidation state in respect with recombination, which are intensified as the processing dose increases. Based on the variation of carbonyl and hydroxyl indices the favorable route for the recycling EPDM based formulations would be suggested in this study. The chemiluminescence spectra proving the formation of peroxyl radicals at about 100?°C prove their availability as reclaiming solutions. IIR—Br is the recommendable butyl rubber for the recovery procedure by association with EPDM. The suitability of IIRs for recycling purposes is analyzed by the variation in their crosslink densities, free volumes and swelling degrees. The crosslinking behavior of stabilized EPDM/IIR blends that runs to the improvement of durability is depicted by Charlesby–Pinner representation, which involves the different simultaneous contribution of scission and crosslinking processes. 相似文献
108.
109.
Sandra van der Hel Iina Hellsten Gerard Steen 《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2018,12(5):605-620
Over the past decade, scientists and journalists have prominently utilized the metaphor of a tipping point for drastic, irreversible and dangerous climate change. This paper shows how the tipping point metaphor became a multi-purpose bridge between science and the news media, describing how its meaning and use developed and diversified in interaction between these two domains. Within the scientific domain, the metaphor developed from a rhetorical device conveying a warning of drastic, irreversible and dangerous climate change to a theoretical concept driving empirical research. The news media soon picked up the tipping point metaphor for abrupt and dangerous climate change, turning it into a common part of the journalistic lexicon. Moreover, both science and the news media developed another, societal use of the tipping point metaphor, calling for radical societal change to avoid climate change catastrophe. The tipping point metaphor is hence not a monolithic notion but a highly versatile concept and expression, allowing it to be used for various communicative purposes by distinct stakeholders in different contexts. 相似文献
110.
Based on the national database of 28,104 water rights (concessions) granted in Colombia, this paper presents an analysis of how the principles of equity and sustainability are reflected in water allocation. Concessions appear to be an exclusionary mechanism since only a minority of small water users have concessions and the distribution of water volumes among those who have them is extremely inequitable. The 2009 Gini coefficient calculated for water concessions granted for agriculture was 0.90 compared with the rural land Gini of 0.88 (both indicators grouping holdings under the same entity). More than half of the Colombian departments have a higher Gini coefficient for water than for land, suggesting that water rights are at least as unequally distributed as land, in one of the most inequitable countries in Latin America. Water allocated to domestic, agriculture and hydropower use indicates a lack of consistency of water allocation criteria across regions. The volumetric and administrative attributes of water allocation in Colombia do not account for environmental flows or the concerns of marginalised groups of society that have limited access to the mechanism. Water allocation as a technical task, with limited transparency and secluded from public scrutiny, does not contribute to the solution of increasing water-related conflicts. 相似文献